Solar-induced　water　oxidation　reaction　(WOR)　for　oxygen　evolution　is　a　critical　step　in　the　transformation　of　Earth＇s　atmosphere　from　a　reducing　to　an　oxidation　one　during　its　primordial　stages.　WOR　is　also　associated　with　important　reduction　reactions,　such　as　oxygen　reduction　reaction　(ORR),　which　leads　to　the　production　of　hydrogen　peroxide　(H2O2).　These　transitions　are　instrumental　in　the　emergence　and　evolution　of　life.　In　this　study,　transition　metals　were　loaded　onto　nitrogen-doped　carbon　(NDC)　prepared　under　the　primitive　Earth＇s　atmospheric　conditions.　These　metal-loaded　NDC　samples　were　found　to　catalyze　both　WOR　and　ORR　under　light　illumination.　The　chemical　pathways　initiated　by　the　pristine　and　metal-loaded　NDC　were　investigated.　This　study　provides　valuable　insights　into　potential　mechanisms　relevant　to　the　early　evolution　of　our　planet.　(c)　2024　Published　by　Elsevier　B.V.　on　behalf　of　Chinese　Chemical　Society　and　Institute　of　Materia　Medica,　Chinese　Academy　of　Medical　Sciences.