One　hurdle　in　developing　transition　metal　oxide　(TMO)　catalysts　for　aerobic　oxidation　reactions　is　their　need　for　a　low　binding　energy　of　the　lattice　oxygen　(OL)　to　create　active　OL　and　a　high　OL　binding　energy　to　maintain　structural　stability　during　catalysis.　In　this　work,　we　prepared　amorphous　Zr-doped　manganese　oxide　(amor-Zr:MnO　x)　catalysts　carrying　dual　lattice　oxygens　that　can　address　such　conflicting　objectives　in　catalyst　development.　In　the　aerobic　oxidation　of　5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural　(HMF),　the　amor-Zr0.2MnO　x　catalyst　gave　99%　selectivity　for　2,5-furandicarboxylic　acid　(FDCA)　and　a　high　FDCA　formation　rate　of　3600　µmolFDCA　gcat−1　h−1　in　1　h.　To　the　best　of　our　knowledge,　the　aerobic　oxidation　performance　of　the　amor-Zr0.2MnO　x　catalyst　is　superior　to　those　of　most　Mn-based　and　related　TMO-based　catalysts　under　comparable　conditions.　Experimental　and　theoretical　studies　show　that　the　OL　in　amor-Zr:　MnO　x　can　be　divided　into　two　groups.　One　group　includes　the　more　stable　OL　that　strengthens　the　catalyst　structure　and　prevents　phase　transition,　while　the　other　group　includes　the　more　reactive　OL　that　improves　catalyst　activity　through　the　strong　adsorption/activation　of　O2　and　helps　regenerate　OL　during　catalysis.[Figure　not　available:　see　fulltext.].　©　2023,　Science　China　Press.