Energy　materials　are　essential　for　addressing　global　energy　challenges,　and　their　design,　recycling,　and　performance　optimization　are　critical　for　sustainable　development.　To　efficiently　rise　to　this　occasion,　advanced　technology　should　be　explored　to　address　these　challenges.　This　review　focuses　on　the　potential　of　ultrafast　thermal　engineering　as　an　innovative　approach　to　the　design　and　recycling　of　energy　materials　and　systematically　examines　ultrahigh　temperature　shock＇s　origins,　mechanisms,　and　developmental　progress,　clarifying　fundamental　differences　between　the　Joule　heating　and　carbothermal　shock　modes.　Recent　advancements　in　lithium/sodium　battery　electrode　fabrication,　catalyst　synthesis,　and　battery　recycling　by　this　technology　are　comprehensively　summarized　to　highlight　the　processing　parameters,　structural　modulation　mechanisms,　and　underlying　principles.　The　review　also　explores　the　mechanisms　of　ultrahigh　temperature　shock　processes,　their　scalability,　and　their　environmental　and　economic　implications.　Notably,　a　mechanistic　insight　into　the　dynamic　coexistence　of　Joule　heating　and　carbothermal　shock　in　UTS　is　proposed,　which　may　synergistically　govern　structural　evolution　in　poor　conductivity/insulating　materials.　This　review　ultimately　aims　to　drive　the　development　and　application　of　ultrafast　thermal　engineering　in　the　energy　materials　field.