Carbon-based　nanomaterials　have　significantly　pushed　the　boundary　of　electrochemical　performance　of　lithium-based　batteries　(LBs)　thanks　to　their　excellent　conductivity,　high　specific　surface　area,　controllable　morphology,　and　intrinsic　stability.　Complementary　to　these　inherent　properties,　various　synthetic　techniques　have　been　adopted　to　prepare　carbon-based　nanomaterials　with　diverse　structures　and　different　dimensionalities　including　1D　nanotubes　and　nanorods,　2D　nanosheets　and　films,　and　3D　hierarchical　architectures,　which　have　been　extensively　applied　as　high-performance　electrode　materials　for　energy　storage　and　conversion.　The　present　review　aims　to　outline　the　structural　design　and　composition　engineering　of　carbon-based　nanomaterials　as　high-performance　electrodes　of　LBs　including　lithium-ion　batteries,　lithium-sulfur　batteries,　and　lithium-oxygen　batteries.　This　review　mainly　focuses　on　the　boosting　of　electrochemical　performance　of　LBs　by　rational　dimensional　design　and　porous　tailoring　of　advanced　carbon-based　nanomaterials.　Particular　attention　is　also　paid　to　integrating　active　materials　into　the　carbon-based　nanomaterials,　and　the　structure-performance　relationship　is　also　systematically　discussed.　The　developmental　trends　and　critical　challenges　in　related　fields　are　summarized,　which　may　inspire　more　ideas　for　the　design　of　advanced　carbon-based　nanostructures　with　superior　properties.