Municipal　household　waste　(MHW)　separation　is　a　fundamental　way　to　achieve　waste　reduction　and　a　recycling　economy.　This　study　takes　the　positions　of　government　and　residents　in　MHW　separation　as　the　research　object,　and　aims　to　explore　the　change　process　and　influencing　factors　of　their　decision-making　behavior,　which　is　of　great　significance　to　attract　residents　to　participate　in　MHW　separation　and　establish　an　effective　MHW　separation　mechanism　to　solve　MHW　pollution.　This　paper　firstly　establishes　an　evolutionary　game　model　between　government　and　residents　in　MHW　separation;　secondly,　the　payoff　matrix　of　the　system　is　determined,　and　the　replication　dynamic　equations　under　different　constraints　are　calculated　to　obtain　the　evolutionary　stability　strategy　of　the　system,　and　the　stability　conditions　are　analyzed;　Finally,　through　numerical　simulation,　the　decision-making　behavior　of　MHW　separation　and　its　influencing　factors　are　studied,　and　the　rationality　of　the　model　is　verified.　The　results　show　that:　(1)　In　the　process　of　MHW　separation,　residents　often　choose　not　to　separate　without　government　regulation;　(2)　Environmental　fee　rates　and　government　effort　have　great　impacts　on　residents＇　decision-making　behavior;　(3)　The　increase　of　penalty　intensity　can　significantly　drive　residents　to　separate　MHW;　(4)　The　sensitivity　of　residents＇　behavior　decision　to　subsidy　coefficient　is　the　lowest　among　all　the　variables,　and　the　incentive　effect　of　increasing　subsidy　coefficient　is　not　obvious.　The　research　results　can　not　only　provide　theoretical　guidance　for　policy　makers　to　develop　waste　management　policies,　but　also　provide　valuable　insights　for　local　communities　to　guide　residents＇　MHW　separation　behavior.