A　novel　method　for　the　measurement　of　structural　three-dimensional　(3D)　vibration　based　on　a　displacement-sensitive　fringe　pattern　(DSFP)　and　a　high　speed　camera　is　proposed　to　overcome　the　simultaneous　measurement　problem　in　structural　3D　vibration　using　monocular　vision.　Based　on　the　established　model　of　the　proposed　monocular　vision　measurement　system,　the　measurement　principle　for　structural　3D　vibration　is　illustrated　systematically.　The　relationships　between　the　real　3D　displacement　and　the　3D　dynamics　parameters　obtained　from　the　recorded　DSFP　image　sequence　is　established.　The　formulas　for　calculating　each　dimensional　displacement　is　also　derived.　The　correctness　of　the　displacement　measurement　principle　and　algorithm　is　verified　by　using　the　co-simulation　model　of　structural　3D　motion　and　monocular　vision　system.　The　performance　and　its　influencing　factors　of　the　measurement　system　are　evaluated　by　simulation　and　experiment.　The　experimental　results　for　known　structural　3D　displacement　and　the　contrast　test　results　with　the　3D　acceleration　sensor　demonstrates　the　effectiveness　of　the　proposed　DSFP　and　vision　based　system　in　structural　3D　displacement　measurement.　©　2019　Journal　of　Mechanical　Engineering.