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Abstract ：
N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), a key component of fungal cell walls and insect cuticles, is an important signal to activate fungal response during entomopathogen-insect interactions. Research on Ngs1, the only identified GlcNAc sensor and transducer, has been primarily restricted to Candida species. Although our previous work identified an Ngs1 homology in Beauveria bassiana, its physiological functions in entomopathogenic fungi remain largely unexplored. In this study, we unveiled the sub-localization of Ngs1 in the nucleolus. Further transcriptomic analysis revealed that Ngs1 plays a crucial role in vegetative growth, fungal development, and cellwall construction by acting as a transcriptional mediator, particularly influencing carbon metabolism in response to insect cuticle stimulation. The absence of Ngs1 compromised vegetative growth across various carbon sources by downregulating expressions of key catalytic enzymes. Conversely, Ngs1 deficiency enhanced transcription levels of oxidative phosphorylation, leading to increased ATP and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Despite higher ATP levels, Ngs1-deletion mutants exhibited reduced asexual development and hyphal germination, primarily due to the function of Ngs1 in the central developmental pathway and Brg1/Nrg1dependent pathway. Additionally, the downregulation of N-glycan biosynthesis in Delta Ngs1 diminished cell wall components, resulting in decreased cell wall resistance to lysis and impaired fungal development. These findings advance our understanding of the regulatory role of Ngs1 in B. bassiana during host interactions and provide a theoretical foundation for engineering fungi to maintain or even enhance pesticidal activity.
Keyword ：
Beauveria bassiana Beauveria bassiana Biocontrol traits Biocontrol traits Entomopathogenic fungi Entomopathogenic fungi N -acetylglucosamine sensor N -acetylglucosamine sensor Transcriptome Transcriptome
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| GB/T 7714 | Cui, Zhou , Yang, Wu-Wei-Jie , Yang, Zhi-Hao et al. N-acetylglucosamine sensor, Ngs1 contributes to Beauveria bassiana vegetative growth, oxidative phosphorylation, fungal development, and cell wall integrity during entomopathogen-insect interaction [J]. | PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY , 2025 , 208 . |
| MLA | Cui, Zhou et al. "N-acetylglucosamine sensor, Ngs1 contributes to Beauveria bassiana vegetative growth, oxidative phosphorylation, fungal development, and cell wall integrity during entomopathogen-insect interaction" . | PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 208 (2025) . |
| APA | Cui, Zhou , Yang, Wu-Wei-Jie , Yang, Zhi-Hao , Zhang, Long-Bin , Guan, Yi . N-acetylglucosamine sensor, Ngs1 contributes to Beauveria bassiana vegetative growth, oxidative phosphorylation, fungal development, and cell wall integrity during entomopathogen-insect interaction . | PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY , 2025 , 208 . |
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Abstract ：
Beauveria bassiana is a popular and eco-friendly biopesticide. During its pathogen-pest interaction, both N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) catabolism and anabolism are crucial for nutrient supply and cell-wall construction. The initiation of GlcNAc metabolism relies on the catalysis of GlcNAc kinase, which has been extensively studied in the human pathogen Candida albicans. However, the physiological function of GlcNAc kinase remains poorly understood in entomopathogenic fungi. In the present study, a GlcNAc kinase homolog was identified and designated as BbHxk1 in B. bassiana. Deletion of BbHxk1 resulted in viable but reduced vegetative growth on various carbon sources. ΔBbHxk1 mutants displayed severe defects in cell wall integrity, making them more susceptible to cell wall stress cues. Furthermore, the absence of BbHxk1 resulted in an increase in conidial yield and blastospore production, and a faster rate of germination and filamentation, potentially attributed to higher intracellular ATP levels. BbHxk1 deficiency led to a reduction in the activities of cuticle-degrading enzymes, which might contribute to the attenuated pathogenicity specifically through cuticle penetration rather than hemocoel infection towards Galleria mellonella larvae. Being different from C. albicans Hxk1, which facultatively acts as a catalyzing enzyme and transcriptional regulator, BbHxk1 primarily acts as a catalyzing enzyme and metabolic regulator. The altered metabolomic profiling correlated with the phenotypic defects in ΔBbHxk1 mutants, further implicating a potential metabolism-dependent mechanism of BbHxk1 in mediating physiologies of B. bassiana. These findings not only unveil a novel role for GlcNAc kinase in B. bassiana, but also provide a solid theoretical basis to guide metabolic reprogramming in order to maintain or even enhance the efficiency of fungi for practical applications. © 2023
Keyword ：
Beauveria bassiana Beauveria bassiana Filamentous entomopathogenic fungus Filamentous entomopathogenic fungus Metabolomics Metabolomics N-acetylglucosamine kinase N-acetylglucosamine kinase Physiological phenotypes Physiological phenotypes
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| GB/T 7714 | Zhang, L.-B. , Yang, W.-W.-J. , Yang, Z.-H. et al. N-acetylglucosamine kinase (BbHxk1) has pleiotropic effects on vegetative growth, cell wall integrity, morphological transition, cuticle infection, and metabolic modulation in the biological pesticide Beauveria bassiana [J]. | Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology , 2024 , 203 . |
| MLA | Zhang, L.-B. et al. "N-acetylglucosamine kinase (BbHxk1) has pleiotropic effects on vegetative growth, cell wall integrity, morphological transition, cuticle infection, and metabolic modulation in the biological pesticide Beauveria bassiana" . | Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 203 (2024) . |
| APA | Zhang, L.-B. , Yang, W.-W.-J. , Yang, Z.-H. , Guan, Y. . N-acetylglucosamine kinase (BbHxk1) has pleiotropic effects on vegetative growth, cell wall integrity, morphological transition, cuticle infection, and metabolic modulation in the biological pesticide Beauveria bassiana . | Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology , 2024 , 203 . |
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Abstract ：
As N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) ubiquitously exists in both insect cuticle and fungal cell walls, the GlcNAc sensor (Ngs1) potentially plays important roles in the interactions between entomopathogenic fungi and their insect hosts. However, the roles of the Ngs1 derived from the entomopathogens in response to the host's cuticle remain completely unexplored. In this study, a putative Ngs1 homolog was identified in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Deletion of Ngs1 significantly reduced virulence towards Galleria mellonella larvae either through cuticle infection (by 23%) or by bypassing the cuticle (by 44%). To investigate the role of Ngs1 in fungal virulence, an analysis of the transcriptome induced by Locusta migratoria exoskeleton was conducted, highlighting the regulatory mechanism of Ngs1 in carbohydrate metabolic process, particularly chitin metabolism and GlcNAc metabolism. Consistent with the transcriptomic data, Ngs1-deletion mutants showed reduced activities of both secreted chitinase (17% reduction) and Pr1 protease (35% reduction). Loss of Ngs1 down-regulated the transcript levels of GlcNAc-catabolism genes, resulting in a 17% decrease in fungal growth on GlcNAc-supported media. Furthermore, Ngs1 deficiency attenuated the fungal response to GlcNAc, leading to the alteration of fungal resistance to diverse stress cues. All of these changes contribute to the reduction in virulence in Ngs1-deficient B. bassiana. These findings support that Ngs1 plays a critical role in responding to insect-derived GlcNAc, affecting the production of cuticle-degrading enzymes to penetrate insect epidermis, GlcNAc-induced changes of stress resistance, and contribute to the fungal virulence against insects.
Keyword ：
Entomopathogenic fungi Entomopathogenic fungi N -acetylglucosamine response N -acetylglucosamine response N -acetylglucosamine sensor N -acetylglucosamine sensor Pathogenic traits Pathogenic traits Transcriptome Transcriptome
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| GB/T 7714 | Zhang, Long-Bin , Yang, Zhi-Hao , Yang, Wu-Wei-Jie et al. A novel fungal sensor (Ngs1) of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) mediates the fungal response to GlcNAc in the interaction between entomopathogenic Beauveria bassiana and insect host [J]. | JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY , 2024 , 207 . |
| MLA | Zhang, Long-Bin et al. "A novel fungal sensor (Ngs1) of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) mediates the fungal response to GlcNAc in the interaction between entomopathogenic Beauveria bassiana and insect host" . | JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY 207 (2024) . |
| APA | Zhang, Long-Bin , Yang, Zhi-Hao , Yang, Wu-Wei-Jie , Guan, Yi . A novel fungal sensor (Ngs1) of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) mediates the fungal response to GlcNAc in the interaction between entomopathogenic Beauveria bassiana and insect host . | JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY , 2024 , 207 . |
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Abstract ：
Beauveria bassiana is a popular and eco-friendly biopesticide. During its pathogen-pest interaction, both N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) catabolism and anabolism are crucial for nutrient supply and cell-wall construction. The initiation of GlcNAc metabolism relies on the catalysis of GlcNAc kinase, which has been extensively studied in the human pathogen Candida albicans. However, the physiological function of GlcNAc kinase remains poorly understood in entomopathogenic fungi. In the present study, a GlcNAc kinase homolog was identified and designated as BbHxk1 in B. bassiana. Deletion of BbHxk1 resulted in viable but reduced vegetative growth on various carbon sources. Delta BbHxk1 mutants displayed severe defects in cell wall integrity, making them more susceptible to cell wall stress cues. Furthermore, the absence of BbHxk1 resulted in an increase in conidial yield and blastospore production, and a faster rate of germination and filamentation, potentially attributed to higher intracellular ATP levels. BbHxk1 deficiency led to a reduction in the activities of cuticle-degrading enzymes, which might contribute to the attenuated pathogenicity specifically through cuticle penetration rather than hemocoel infection towards Galleria mellonella larvae. Being different from C. albicans Hxk1, which facultatively acts as a catalyzing enzyme and transcriptional regulator, BbHxk1 primarily acts as a catalyzing enzyme and metabolic regulator. The altered metabolomic profiling correlated with the phenotypic defects in Delta BbHxk1 mutants, further implicating a potential metabolism-dependent mechanism of BbHxk1 in mediating physiologies of B. bassiana. These findings not only unveil a novel role for GlcNAc kinase in B. bassiana, but also provide a solid theoretical basis to guide metabolic reprogramming in order to maintain or even enhance the efficiency of fungi for practical applications.
Keyword ：
Beauveria bassiana Beauveria bassiana Filamentous entomopathogenic fungus Filamentous entomopathogenic fungus Metabolomics Metabolomics N -acetylglucosamine kinase N -acetylglucosamine kinase Physiological phenotypes Physiological phenotypes
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| GB/T 7714 | Zhang, Long-Bin , Yang, Wu-Wei-Jie , Yang, Zhi-Hao et al. N-acetylglucosamine kinase (BbHxk1) has pleiotropic effects on vegetative growth, cell wall integrity, morphological transition, cuticle infection, and metabolic modulation in the biological pesticide Beauveria bassiana [J]. | PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY , 2024 , 203 . |
| MLA | Zhang, Long-Bin et al. "N-acetylglucosamine kinase (BbHxk1) has pleiotropic effects on vegetative growth, cell wall integrity, morphological transition, cuticle infection, and metabolic modulation in the biological pesticide Beauveria bassiana" . | PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 203 (2024) . |
| APA | Zhang, Long-Bin , Yang, Wu-Wei-Jie , Yang, Zhi-Hao , Guan, Yi . N-acetylglucosamine kinase (BbHxk1) has pleiotropic effects on vegetative growth, cell wall integrity, morphological transition, cuticle infection, and metabolic modulation in the biological pesticide Beauveria bassiana . | PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY , 2024 , 203 . |
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Rho4 is a member of the Rho-family small GTPases. In this study, we revealed the function of Rho4 and explored its mechanism involved in intracellular redox homeostasis in Beauveria bassiana, one of the most widely utilized filamentous entomopathogenic fungi. The disruption of Rho4 in B. bassiana resulted in significant phenotypic changes, such as fungal virulence, growth rate on different media, thermotolerance, germination, and conidiation. Integrated analysis of proteomic and transcriptomic data unveiled differential expression patterns of various redox-related genes and proteins in Delta rho4, including the down-regulation of GST shown in proteomic and transcriptomic data, and the down-regulated gene expression levels of NOX, SOD, CAT, and GR in the transcriptome. Based on the bi-omics analysis, we focused on the impact of Rho4 in maintaining intracellular redox homeostasis. A decreased ROS content observed in Delta rho4 might be attributed to the reduced NOX activity, which subsequently affects the GSH-producing/consuming metabolisms, with the attenuated activities of GR and GST. The imbalanced redox homeostasis also resulted in the reduced enzyme activities of SOD and CAT. Exogenous oxides could partially complement the ROS level and rescue the growth defect in Delta rho4 to a certain extent. Besides, BbGDI was initially identified as an interacting protein of Rho4 in entomopathogenic fungi. Our results provide a comprehensive understanding of the function and regulating mechanism of Rho4 in B. bassiana.
Keyword ：
Beauveria bassiana Beauveria bassiana Proteomic analysis Proteomic analysis Redox homeostasis Redox homeostasis Rho4 Rho4 Small GTPase Small GTPase Transcriptomic analysis Transcriptomic analysis
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| GB/T 7714 | Zou, Zhenyu , Chen, Xiaonuo , Weng, Xiaojun et al. Rho4 interacts with BbGDI and is essential for the biocontrol potential of Beauveria bassiana by maintaining intracellular redox homeostasis [J]. | PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY , 2024 , 205 . |
| MLA | Zou, Zhenyu et al. "Rho4 interacts with BbGDI and is essential for the biocontrol potential of Beauveria bassiana by maintaining intracellular redox homeostasis" . | PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 205 (2024) . |
| APA | Zou, Zhenyu , Chen, Xiaonuo , Weng, Xiaojun , Guo, Yuhan , Guan, Yi , Zhang, Longbin . Rho4 interacts with BbGDI and is essential for the biocontrol potential of Beauveria bassiana by maintaining intracellular redox homeostasis . | PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY , 2024 , 205 . |
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Rad6 is a canonical ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme known for its role in regulating chromosome-related cellular processes in yeast and has been proven to have multiple functions in Beauveria bassiana, including insect-pathogenic lifestyle, UV damage repair, and conidiation. However, previous studies have only reported the key role of Rad6 in regulating conidial production in a nutrient-rich medium, without any deep mechanism analyses. In this study, we found that the disruption of Rad6 leads to a profound reduction in conidial production, irrespective of whether the fungus is cultivated in nutrient-rich or nutrient-poor environments. The absence of rad6 exerts a suppressive effect on the transcription of essential genes in the central developmental pathway, namely, brlA, abaA, and wetA, resulting in a direct downregulation of conidiation capacity. Additionally, mutant strains exhibited a more pronounced decline in both conidial generation and hyphal development when cultured in nutrient-rich conditions. This observation correlates with the downregulation of the central developmental pathway (CDP) downstream gene vosA and the upregulation of flaA in nutrient-rich cultures. Moreover, single-transcriptomics analyses indicated that irregularities in biotin metabolism, DNA repair, and tryptophan metabolism are the underlying factors contributing to the reduced conidial production. Comprehensive dual transcriptomics analyses pinpointed abnormal biotin metabolism as the primary cause of conidial production decline. Subsequently, we successfully restored conidial production in the Rad6 mutant strain through the supplementation of biotin, further confirming the transcriptomic evidence. Altogether, our findings underscore the pivotal role of Rad6 in influencing biotin metabolism, subsequently impacting the expression of CDP genes and ultimately shaping the asexual life cycle of B. bassiana.
Keyword ：
Beauveria bassiana Beauveria bassiana biotin biotin conidiation conidiation entomopathogenic fungi entomopathogenic fungi Rad6 Rad6
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| GB/T 7714 | Guo, Yuhan , He, Haomin , Guan, Yi et al. Rad6 Regulates Conidiation by Affecting the Biotin Metabolism in Beauveria bassiana [J]. | JOURNAL OF FUNGI , 2024 , 10 (9) . |
| MLA | Guo, Yuhan et al. "Rad6 Regulates Conidiation by Affecting the Biotin Metabolism in Beauveria bassiana" . | JOURNAL OF FUNGI 10 . 9 (2024) . |
| APA | Guo, Yuhan , He, Haomin , Guan, Yi , Zhang, Longbin . Rad6 Regulates Conidiation by Affecting the Biotin Metabolism in Beauveria bassiana . | JOURNAL OF FUNGI , 2024 , 10 (9) . |
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Rad6 functions as a ubiquitin-conjugating protein that regulates cellular processes in many fungal species. However, its role in filamentous entomopathogenic fungi remains poorly understood. This study characterizes Rad6 in Beauveria bassiana, a filamentous fungus widely employed as a critical fungicide globally. The results demonstrate a significant association between Rad6 and conidial properties, heat shock response, and UV-B tolerance. Concurrently, the mutant strain exhibited heightened sensitivity to oxidative stress, cell wall interfering agents, DNA damage stress, and prolonged heat shock. Furthermore, the absence of Rad6 significantly extended the median lethal time (LT50) of Galleria mellonella infected by B. bassiana. This delay could be attributed to reduced Pr1 proteases and extracellular cuticle-degrading enzymes, diminished dimorphic transition rates, and dysregulated antioxidant enzymes. Additionally, the absence of Rad6 had a more pronounced effect on genetic information processing, metabolism, and cellular processes under normal conditions. However, its impact was limited to metabolism in oxidative stress. This study offers a comprehensive understanding of the pivotal roles of Rad6 in conidial and hyphal stress tolerance, environmental adaptation, and the pathogenesis of Beauveria bassiana.
Keyword ：
Beauveria bassiana Beauveria bassiana DNA damaging DNA damaging filamentous fungi filamentous fungi Rad6 Rad6 stress tolerance stress tolerance virulence virulence
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| GB/T 7714 | Guan, Yi , He, Haomin , Guo, Yuhan et al. Essential roles of Rad6 in conidial property, stress tolerance, and pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana [J]. | VIRULENCE , 2024 , 15 (1) . |
| MLA | Guan, Yi et al. "Essential roles of Rad6 in conidial property, stress tolerance, and pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana" . | VIRULENCE 15 . 1 (2024) . |
| APA | Guan, Yi , He, Haomin , Guo, Yuhan , Zhang, Longbin . Essential roles of Rad6 in conidial property, stress tolerance, and pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana . | VIRULENCE , 2024 , 15 (1) . |
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This study aims to maximize the utilization of Sargassum fusiforme (SF), embedding the concept of a green circular economy. We developed a green extraction process using water and ultrasound assistance to extract high-value SF polysaccharides (SFPS). A 2(k) factorial design coupled with center points evaluated the curvature effect in the extraction process. Optimal extraction conditions were identified to be a mass-liquid ratio of 1:59 (w/v), an extraction temperature of 70 degrees C and time of 88 min, yielding 15.30 wt% SFPS, validated through experiments. SFPS demonstrated significant antioxidant capacity, indicated by their ferric ion reduction ability and superoxide anion scavenging ability. Post-extraction, the waste ethanol solution and SF residue were employed as feedstock for hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), aiming to produce biocrude oil. We explored various parameters affecting the yield and quality of the resultant biocrude. The optimal HTL conditions for SF residue included a temperature of 280 degrees C and a reaction time of 45 min. The biocrude obtained using the waste solution exhibited higher carbon content (69.83%) and higher heating value (33.42 MJ/kg) compared to freshwater, indicating enhanced energy recovery (87.65% vs. 15.39%). Also, the presence of ethanol in waste solution facilitated a decrease in fatty acid content from 48.50% to 24.50%, while simultaneously increasing ester content from 6.37% to 35.54%, presumably due to the trans-esterification of fatty acids into esters. Utilizing the waste ethanol solution as HTL processing medium also led to a much lower greenhouse gas emissions (1714.0 kg CO2-eq) compared to that of freshwater (7735.4 kg CO2-eq) as evidenced by the life cycle assessment. This study's innovative approach not only valorizes the waste streams from SFPS extraction but also adds value by generating high-quality biocrude oil, offering practical solutions for waste reduction and resource recovery, fostering sustainable development and circular economy initiatives.
Keyword ：
Hydrothermal liquefaction Hydrothermal liquefaction Life cycle assessment Life cycle assessment Marine biorefinery Marine biorefinery Polysaccharide Polysaccharide Waste valorization Waste valorization
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| GB/T 7714 | Luan, Cuirong , Lin, Xiaoyu , Lin, Jianan et al. Integrated biorefinery approach for seaweed Sargassum fusiforme: A step towards green circular economy [J]. | JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION , 2024 , 445 . |
| MLA | Luan, Cuirong et al. "Integrated biorefinery approach for seaweed Sargassum fusiforme: A step towards green circular economy" . | JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 445 (2024) . |
| APA | Luan, Cuirong , Lin, Xiaoyu , Lin, Jianan , Ye, Wangfang , Li, Zhiyu , Zhong, Xiaomei et al. Integrated biorefinery approach for seaweed Sargassum fusiforme: A step towards green circular economy . | JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION , 2024 , 445 . |
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Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoo) is a plant pathogenic bacterium that can cause rice bacterial blight disease, which results in a severe reduction in rice production. Antimicrobial-dependent microbial controlling is a useful way to control the spread and outbreak of plant pathogenic bacteria. However, the abuse and long-term use of antimicrobials also cause microbial antimicrobial resistance. As far as known, the mechanism of antimicrobial resistance in agricultural plant pathogenic bacteria still lacks prospecting. In this study, we explore the mechanism of Zhongshengmycin (ZSM)-resistance in Xoo by GC-MS-based metabolomic analysis. The results showed that the down-regulation of the TCA cycle was characteristic of antimicrobial resistance in Xoo, which was further demonstrated by the reduction of activity and gene expression levels of key enzymes in the TCA cycle. Furthermore, alanine was proven to reverse the ZSM resistance in Xoo by accelerating the TCA cycle in vivo. Our results are essential for understanding the mechanisms of ZSM resistance in Xoo and may provide new strategies for controlling this agricultural plant pathogen at the metabolic level.
Keyword ：
alanine alanine antimicrobials antimicrobials metabolomics metabolomics TCA cycle TCA cycle Xanthomonas oryzae Xanthomonas oryzae Zhongshengmycin Zhongshengmycin
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| GB/T 7714 | Zou, Zhenyu , Lin, Meiyun , Shen, Peihua et al. Alanine-Dependent TCA Cycle Promotion Restores the Zhongshengmycin-Susceptibility in Xanthomonas oryzae [J]. | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES , 2023 , 24 (3) . |
| MLA | Zou, Zhenyu et al. "Alanine-Dependent TCA Cycle Promotion Restores the Zhongshengmycin-Susceptibility in Xanthomonas oryzae" . | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES 24 . 3 (2023) . |
| APA | Zou, Zhenyu , Lin, Meiyun , Shen, Peihua , Guan, Yi . Alanine-Dependent TCA Cycle Promotion Restores the Zhongshengmycin-Susceptibility in Xanthomonas oryzae . | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES , 2023 , 24 (3) . |
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The outbreak of Bacterial blight (BB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae (Xoo) generates substantial economic losses to agricultural production. Antibiotics application is a valuable measure to control this bacterial disease. However, microbial antibiotic resistance dramatically reduced antibiotic effectiveness. Identifying the resistance mechanism of Xoo to antibiotics and restoring antibiotic susceptibility is one of the crucial ways to solve this problem. This study employed a GC-MS-based metabolomic approach to reveal the differential metabolomics between a kasugamycin-susceptible Xoo strain (Z173-S) and a kasugamycin-resistant strain (Z173-R-KA). The metabolic mechanism of kasugamycin (KA) resistance in Xoo by GC-MS showed that the downregulation of the pyruvate cycle (P cycle) is a crucial feature of Z173-R-KA resistance to KA. This conclusion was confirmed by the decreased enzyme activities and the related gene transcriptional level in the P cycle. Furfural (an inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase) can effectively inhibit the P cycle and increase the resistance of Z173-R-KA to KA. Moreover, exogenous alanine can reduce the resistance of Z173-R-KA to KA by promoting the P cycle. Our work seems to be the first exploration of the mechanism of KA resistance in Xoo by GC-MS-based metabonomics approach. These results provide a new idea for developing metabolic regulation to address KA resistance in Xoo.
Keyword ：
exogenous alanine exogenous alanine kasugamycin resistance kasugamycin resistance metabolomics metabolomics pyruvate cycle pyruvate cycle Xanthomonas oryzae Xanthomonas oryzae
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| GB/T 7714 | Guan, Yi , Lin, Meiyun , Shen, Peihua et al. Alanine-mediated P cycle boosting enhances the killing efficiency of kasugamycin on antibiotic-resistant Xanthomonas oryzae [J]. | FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY , 2023 , 14 . |
| MLA | Guan, Yi et al. "Alanine-mediated P cycle boosting enhances the killing efficiency of kasugamycin on antibiotic-resistant Xanthomonas oryzae" . | FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY 14 (2023) . |
| APA | Guan, Yi , Lin, Meiyun , Shen, Peihua , Zou, Zhenyu . Alanine-mediated P cycle boosting enhances the killing efficiency of kasugamycin on antibiotic-resistant Xanthomonas oryzae . | FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY , 2023 , 14 . |
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