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Abstract ：
Investigating the magnetic structure of crystals is a crucial area of research in magnetic materials. Different crystals exhibit magnetic features related to their ionic composition and crystal structure. Manipulating the magnetic properties of materials requires a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating the magnetic properties and the magnetic structure of crystals. Currently, characterization techniques with high spatial resolution and spin sensitivity are the main tools to study the magnetic structure of materials. Meanwhile, the high-speed development of magnetic simulation and computation techniques has minimized the experimental cost, predicted the basic information about the magnetic structure of crystals, and verified the accuracy of the characterization techniques. This review first looks at the origin of crystal magnetism. It analyses the mechanisms regulating crystal magnetism in different perspectives (from single ions to macroscopic magnetic expressions), and then summarizes the main methods used to characterize the magnetic structure, outlining the specifics of the various techniques in the existing studies, which have used either a single magnetic characterization technique or a combination of techniques to study the magnetic structure of crystals in all scales. Finally, it discusses how magnetic characterization techniques and computational simulations can be better applied to the analysis of the magnetic structure of crystals, which has important applications for establishing crystallographic laws for magnetic materials.
Keyword ：
Characterization technique Characterization technique Crystal structure Crystal structure Magnetic origin Magnetic origin Magnetic structure Magnetic structure
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| GB/T 7714 | Xie, Yinan , Wang, Qian , Shang, Hongliang et al. The origin of magnetism in crystals and the techniques for characterizing magnetic structures: From microscopic ions to macroscopic magnetic expressions [J]. | COORDINATION CHEMISTRY REVIEWS , 2025 , 525 . |
| MLA | Xie, Yinan et al. "The origin of magnetism in crystals and the techniques for characterizing magnetic structures: From microscopic ions to macroscopic magnetic expressions" . | COORDINATION CHEMISTRY REVIEWS 525 (2025) . |
| APA | Xie, Yinan , Wang, Qian , Shang, Hongliang , Ku, Jiangang , Shen, Zhengchang . The origin of magnetism in crystals and the techniques for characterizing magnetic structures: From microscopic ions to macroscopic magnetic expressions . | COORDINATION CHEMISTRY REVIEWS , 2025 , 525 . |
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The analysis of magnetic particle dynamics in a rotating magnetic field and the exploration of the magnetic agglomeration mechanism are crucial for effectively reducing agglomeration in strong magnetic minerals and improving sorting efficiency. The forces acting on magnetic particles in a rotating magnetic field were analyzed in this study. A 3D model was built to simulate the complex interaction between two magnetic particles in a rotating magnetic field using COMSOL Multiphysics finite element simulation software. It shows that the number of periods of change in the spiral period, velocity, and acceleration remains consistent under different conditions. Additionally, their period numbers are positively correlated with magnetic field rotational speed, medium viscosity, and the initial particle spacing, and negatively correlated with magnetic field strength. Under various conditions, the larger the area of the velocity-closed surface in the same cycle, the larger the helical diameter of the particle trajectory. The initial acceleration of the particles exhibits a positive correlation with the strength of the magnetic field, a negative correlation with the viscosity of the medium and the initial distance, and no significant relationship with the rotational speed of the magnetic field. For further research on the dynamics of magnetic particles and the refinement of the mechanism of magnetic agglomeration, the results have an important theoretical reference value.
Keyword ：
3D finite element method 3D finite element method dynamics dynamics magnetic agglomeration magnetic agglomeration magnetic particles magnetic particles rotating magnetic field rotating magnetic field
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| GB/T 7714 | Ku, Jiangang , Yu, Xuyan , Xia, Jun et al. Study of the dynamics of magnetic particles in rotating magnetic field: A 3D finite element analysis [J]. | PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROBLEMS OF MINERAL PROCESSING , 2025 , 61 (1) . |
| MLA | Ku, Jiangang et al. "Study of the dynamics of magnetic particles in rotating magnetic field: A 3D finite element analysis" . | PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROBLEMS OF MINERAL PROCESSING 61 . 1 (2025) . |
| APA | Ku, Jiangang , Yu, Xuyan , Xia, Jun , Wang, Qian , Wang, Zhaolian , Lei, Zhongyun . Study of the dynamics of magnetic particles in rotating magnetic field: A 3D finite element analysis . | PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROBLEMS OF MINERAL PROCESSING , 2025 , 61 (1) . |
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High gradient magnetic separation technology is the key technology for green and efficient separation and purification of mineral resources. Existing studies are vague about the division of the attraction and repulsion zones of the medium, and there are fewer explorations of the effect of various conditions on the attraction zones. In this work, a novel method for calculating the magnetic force is derived, which provides an accurate calculation of the 3D magnetic force. The attraction and repulsion zones are divided clearly by analyzing the relationship between the spatial angle of the spherical medium and the magnetic force density per unit volume, with the magnetic force density per unit volume tangent to the spherical surface as the dividing line. The attraction and repulsion zones are divided by beta = 30 degrees similar to 35 degrees, and the attraction region accounts for 45%similar to 50% of the total space volume. Furthermore, the influence of different conditions on the attraction zone is studied. It was found that the zone of attraction decreases as one moves away from the spherical medium, which results in an ellipsoid with the effective zone of attraction of the spherical medium having the magnetic field direction as its long axis. The attraction region increases from 45.49% to 49.87% of the space occupied with increasing the relative permeability of the spherical medium. It does not affect the proportion of the attraction zone in space by changing the background magnetic field and the size of the spherical medium, but it will change the depth of the magnetic force. It provides a theoretical basis for the design of high-efficiency magnetic media, and gives a reference for further improving the selection effect of high gradient magnetic separation technology on fine and weak magnetic particles.
Keyword ：
attraction zone attraction zone high gradient magnetic separation high gradient magnetic separation magnetic energy density magnetic energy density magnetic force magnetic force microsphere medium microsphere medium
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| GB/T 7714 | Yu, Xuyan , Zhan, Lei , Wang, Xiubin et al. Spatial magnetic force and magnetic energy density analysis of microsphere medium in high gradient magnetic fields: a 3D simulation [J]. | PHYSICA SCRIPTA , 2025 , 100 (1) . |
| MLA | Yu, Xuyan et al. "Spatial magnetic force and magnetic energy density analysis of microsphere medium in high gradient magnetic fields: a 3D simulation" . | PHYSICA SCRIPTA 100 . 1 (2025) . |
| APA | Yu, Xuyan , Zhan, Lei , Wang, Xiubin , Wang, Qian , Ku, Jiangang . Spatial magnetic force and magnetic energy density analysis of microsphere medium in high gradient magnetic fields: a 3D simulation . | PHYSICA SCRIPTA , 2025 , 100 (1) . |
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Kaolin, a versatile material, is widely utilized owing to its distinctive mineralogical characteristics, mineral morphology, and chemical and physical properties. Whiteness, a critical factor in determining the commercial value of kaolin, is significantly influenced by its impurities. Consequently, impurity removal from kaolin has emerged as a primary research focus. These studies have concentrated on enhancing kaolin's whiteness by optimizing critical parameters and employing innovative separation techniques. On this basis, this article reviews various methods for removing and separating iron (free and structural) and carbon impurities from kaolin, detailing the technical principles, optimizing parameters, and elucidating the mechanistic features of different beneficiation methods.In addition, this paper discusses the merits and limitations of these methods and proposes potential future research directions. This paper aims to guide the selection and development of strategies for kaolin purification and the decontamination of other clay minerals.
Keyword ：
Carbon Carbon Impurity Impurity Iron Iron Kaolin Kaolin Removal methods Removal methods Whiteness Whiteness
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| GB/T 7714 | Wang, Xiubin , Xie, Yinan , Wang, Qian et al. Removal and separation of iron and carbon from kaolin: A review [J]. | POWDER TECHNOLOGY , 2025 , 458 . |
| MLA | Wang, Xiubin et al. "Removal and separation of iron and carbon from kaolin: A review" . | POWDER TECHNOLOGY 458 (2025) . |
| APA | Wang, Xiubin , Xie, Yinan , Wang, Qian , Shang, Hongliang , Hu, Zhicheng , Ku, Jiangang et al. Removal and separation of iron and carbon from kaolin: A review . | POWDER TECHNOLOGY , 2025 , 458 . |
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In this paper, two artificial magnetic particles (1#, 2#) with known magnetic parameters were taken as the objects, a finite element model based on Gauss's law was established for the calculation of the transient Maxwell magnetic stress tensor on the surfaces of particles and kinetic study, a high-speed camera was used to obtain the motion behaviors of magnetic particles in comparison with the simulation. According to the results of multiple simulation-experiment comparisons, the motion behaviors of magnetic particles in the finite element simulation were consistent with experimental phenomena under the identical conditions, indicated that the accuracy of the model is reliable. In the comparison of two kinds of magnetic force calculations, the magnetic force F M based on the Gaussian formula had a similar tendency to F D based on the kinetic calculations, and since the F M was obtained by converting the surface tension of particles, it more accurately reflected the overall magnetic force and magnetic torque acting on the particles. Kinetic analysis showed that the magnetic force acting on a particle was strictly dependent on its magnetization, dynamic and non-uniform magnetization caused the magnetic particle to be subjected to magnetic force and magnetic torque in the non-uniform magnetic field, resulting in displacements and flips. In addition, compared to the particle release attitude, the influence of the distribution of magnetic substance and the particle's release position on the displacement was particularly significant. The 3D finite element model established for dry magnetic separation can be further used for the study of dynamic, non-uniform magnetization and the force of magnetic particle or grain groups, which is of certain significance for the kinetic study of magnetic separation and improving research of magnetic separation equipment.
Keyword ：
3D FEM 3D FEM Dynamic behavior Dynamic behavior Magnetic force Magnetic force Magnetization Magnetization Separation prediction Separation prediction
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| GB/T 7714 | Lei, Zhongyun , Yan, Jujian , Xie, Yinan et al. Kinetic study of dry magnetic separation based on Gauss-Maxwell magnetic stress tensor: A 3D finite element method (FEM) [J]. | MINERALS ENGINEERING , 2024 , 218 . |
| MLA | Lei, Zhongyun et al. "Kinetic study of dry magnetic separation based on Gauss-Maxwell magnetic stress tensor: A 3D finite element method (FEM)" . | MINERALS ENGINEERING 218 (2024) . |
| APA | Lei, Zhongyun , Yan, Jujian , Xie, Yinan , Yang, Liheng , Wang, Qian , Ku, Jiangang . Kinetic study of dry magnetic separation based on Gauss-Maxwell magnetic stress tensor: A 3D finite element method (FEM) . | MINERALS ENGINEERING , 2024 , 218 . |
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Magnetic separation technology is a physical separation method that uses the differences in magnetism between matter to separate them from each other by different motion behaviors in a non-uniform magnetic field. It is highly efficient, green, and environmentally friendly, with little change in the physical and chemical properties of raw materials. Magnetic separation technology is commonly used in the field of mineral processing engineering for magnetite, hematite, titanite, and other magnetic ferrous metal oxide minerals. This paper summarizes the application of magnetic separation technology for resource utilization and environmental treatment in different fields, such as non-metal decomposition, valuable metal recovery, use of magnetic carrier chemical separation, biomedical targeted magnetic separation, and use of magnetic species separation in water and wastewater treatment. We seek to review the application and potential of magnetic separation technology in various fields, emphasize their key role, and explore possible directions for their future development.
Keyword ：
black metal black metal chemical separation chemical separation magnetic minerals magnetic minerals magnetic selection magnetic selection magnetic separation technology magnetic separation technology
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| GB/T 7714 | Ku, Jiangang , Wang, Kunpeng , Wang, Qian et al. Application of Magnetic Separation Technology in Resource Utilization and Environmental Treatment [J]. | SEPARATIONS , 2024 , 11 (5) . |
| MLA | Ku, Jiangang et al. "Application of Magnetic Separation Technology in Resource Utilization and Environmental Treatment" . | SEPARATIONS 11 . 5 (2024) . |
| APA | Ku, Jiangang , Wang, Kunpeng , Wang, Qian , Lei, Zhongyun . Application of Magnetic Separation Technology in Resource Utilization and Environmental Treatment . | SEPARATIONS , 2024 , 11 (5) . |
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The application of rotating magnetic field can reduce the effect of agglomeration of fine-grained strong magnetic minerals in the sorting process. In this study, a three-dimensional finite element model of two spherical magnetic particles agglomerated in a rotating magnetic field is established, and a rotating magnetic field is constructed using a quadrupole magnet to verify the simulation results. The results show that the numerical simulation results can predict the experimental results more accurately, and the trajectories of the magnetic particles in the agglomeration process are centrosymmetric spiral curves. The utilization of the rotating magnetic field as well as increasing the rotating magnetic field speed, magnetic field strength, and the initial spacing of the magnetic particles will enhance the tendency of the magnetic particles to get rid of the agglomeration.
Keyword ：
Finite element method (FEM) Finite element method (FEM) Magnetic agglomeration Magnetic agglomeration Magnetic force Magnetic force Rotating magnetic field Rotating magnetic field
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| GB/T 7714 | Ku, Jiangang , Yan, Jujian , Xia, Jun et al. Manipulating three-dimensional magnetic particles motion in a rotating magnetic field [J]. | POWDER TECHNOLOGY , 2024 , 449 . |
| MLA | Ku, Jiangang et al. "Manipulating three-dimensional magnetic particles motion in a rotating magnetic field" . | POWDER TECHNOLOGY 449 (2024) . |
| APA | Ku, Jiangang , Yan, Jujian , Xia, Jun , Wang, Zhaolian , Yan, Quanxiang , Lei, Zhongyun et al. Manipulating three-dimensional magnetic particles motion in a rotating magnetic field . | POWDER TECHNOLOGY , 2024 , 449 . |
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针对现有微磁模拟软件无法直接计算磁力、宏观磁场下磁性矿粒所受磁力计算不精确以及动态磁化过程不明等问题,利用微磁学理论和数值模拟技术对现有的磁性矿粒磁力计算方式进行改进,结合多物理仿真软件COMSOL的物理场开发器、APP开发器以及磁场无电流物理场设计了一种计算磁性矿粒精确受力的软件.详细说明了磁性矿粒微磁模拟软件的原理,并将该软件与微磁学专业软件MERRILL在自发磁化状态下进行对比,最后比较传统仿真磁力计算方法和微磁学磁力计算方法在均匀磁场下计算 100 nm不规则磁铁矿颗粒磁力的准确性.研究结果表明:以相同的网格大小 5 nm对 80 nm的立方体磁性矿粒进行模拟,2 种软件呈现的不同初始状态的自发磁化状态一致;使用磁滞回线展现了正八面体磁性矿粒在变化磁场中的动态磁化过程;在均匀磁场下,采用微磁学的磁力计算方法相较于传统计算方法计算精度由 10-3 数量级提高至 10-11 数量级;该软件为从微磁学角度进行磁选理论研究提供了一个有力的工具,进一步促进了磁性矿粒在磁选过程中的动态磁化过程研究,对于提高磁性矿粒的磁力计算精度具有重要意义.
Keyword ：
二次开发 二次开发 微磁模拟 微磁模拟 矿物分选 矿物分选 磁力计算 磁力计算
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| GB/T 7714 | 丁伟 , 王前 , 李欣 et al. 磁性矿粒动态磁化模拟及精确磁力计算 [J]. | 金属矿山 , 2024 , (7) : 139-145 . |
| MLA | 丁伟 et al. "磁性矿粒动态磁化模拟及精确磁力计算" . | 金属矿山 7 (2024) : 139-145 . |
| APA | 丁伟 , 王前 , 李欣 , 库建刚 . 磁性矿粒动态磁化模拟及精确磁力计算 . | 金属矿山 , 2024 , (7) , 139-145 . |
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Magnetic separation is a primary method for processing iron ore and plays a crucial role in both current beneficiation practices and other fields. Extensive research has been conducted on the motion behavior of magnetic particles within magnetic separation equipment. However, force analysis, particularly the calculation of magnetic forces, remains imprecise when dealing with irregularly shaped particles. Accurate prediction of magnetic particle behavior requires precise magnetic force calculations. This study introduces micromagnetic simulations to accurately compute the magnetic forces on irregular magnetic particles. Micromagnetic simulations can determine the precise magnetic moments and magnetic induction intensities within each microelement of the particle. The results of these simulations will be validated using magnetic force microscopy (MFM). The findings indicate that traditional magnetic force calculations deviate from the precise calculations presented in this study. For irregular particles, the computational errors in repulsive and attractive forces are 770% and 576% higher, respectively, compared to spherical particles. This underscores the necessity of considering particle shape in realistic magnetic force calculations. Additionally, both the MFM measurement images and the simulated magnetic force maps exhibit bright and dark regions correlated with particle shape, demonstrating that micro- magnetic simulation results can be verified through MFM measurements. This paper proposes an experimentally verifiable method for accurately calculating the magnetic forces on magnetic particles using micromagnetic simulations, which holds significant implications for designing more efficient and precise magnetic separation equipment.
Keyword ：
Magnetic force calculation Magnetic force calculation Magnetic force microscope Magnetic force microscope Magnetic separation Magnetic separation Magnetite Magnetite Magnetization Magnetization Micromagnetism simulation Micromagnetism simulation
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| GB/T 7714 | Li, Xin , Wang, Zhaolian , Wang, Qian et al. Accurate calculation of magnetic forces on magnetic mineral particles using micromagnetic simulations [J]. | MINERALS ENGINEERING , 2024 , 218 . |
| MLA | Li, Xin et al. "Accurate calculation of magnetic forces on magnetic mineral particles using micromagnetic simulations" . | MINERALS ENGINEERING 218 (2024) . |
| APA | Li, Xin , Wang, Zhaolian , Wang, Qian , Jiang, Kaixi , Ku, Jiangang . Accurate calculation of magnetic forces on magnetic mineral particles using micromagnetic simulations . | MINERALS ENGINEERING , 2024 , 218 . |
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Understanding the internal magnetization structure of an individual ferromagnetic nanoparticle (MNP) is crucial for deciphering its magnetic characteristics. Unfortunately, while certain techniques can measure the magnetic properties of an individual MNP, they fall short of accurately detecting the internal magnetization structure. In this work, micromagnetic simulations were employed to construct the internal magnetization structure of an individual CoFe2O4 (CFO) nanopyramid, and the energy jump behavior during the magnetization process was successfully explained, with simulation results aligning with dynamic cantilever magnetometry (DCM) experimental outcomes. Subsequently, the external stray field of the nanopyramid was simulated, and the stray field gradient map revealed distinct bright and dark regions corresponding to the reverse and forward saturation magnetizations of the CFO nanopyramid. This result is possible to be verified by magnetic force microscopy (MFM) measurements of individual CFO nanopyramids. The confidence in the accuracy of the simulated internal magnetization structure was significantly enhanced by independently verifying the micromagnetic simulation results through DCM and MFM experiments. Our work proposes a convenient and cost-effective method for studying the internal magnetization structure of individual MNPs. (c) 2024 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.
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| GB/T 7714 | Ku, Jiangang , Li, Xin , Wang, Zhaolian et al. Spin orientation evolution of individual ferromagnetic nanoparticle during reversing magnetization processes revealed by micromagnetic simulations [J]. | JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS , 2024 , 136 (3) . |
| MLA | Ku, Jiangang et al. "Spin orientation evolution of individual ferromagnetic nanoparticle during reversing magnetization processes revealed by micromagnetic simulations" . | JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 136 . 3 (2024) . |
| APA | Ku, Jiangang , Li, Xin , Wang, Zhaolian , Wang, Qian , Xue, Fei . Spin orientation evolution of individual ferromagnetic nanoparticle during reversing magnetization processes revealed by micromagnetic simulations . | JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS , 2024 , 136 (3) . |
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