Query：
学者姓名：库建刚
Refining：
Year
Type
Indexed by
Source
Complex
Former Name
Co-
Language
Clean All
Abstract ：
Investigating the magnetic structure of crystals is a crucial area of research in magnetic materials. Different crystals exhibit magnetic features related to their ionic composition and crystal structure. Manipulating the magnetic properties of materials requires a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating the magnetic properties and the magnetic structure of crystals. Currently, characterization techniques with high spatial resolution and spin sensitivity are the main tools to study the magnetic structure of materials. Meanwhile, the high-speed development of magnetic simulation and computation techniques has minimized the experimental cost, predicted the basic information about the magnetic structure of crystals, and verified the accuracy of the characterization techniques. This review first looks at the origin of crystal magnetism. It analyses the mechanisms regulating crystal magnetism in different perspectives (from single ions to macroscopic magnetic expressions), and then summarizes the main methods used to characterize the magnetic structure, outlining the specifics of the various techniques in the existing studies, which have used either a single magnetic characterization technique or a combination of techniques to study the magnetic structure of crystals in all scales. Finally, it discusses how magnetic characterization techniques and computational simulations can be better applied to the analysis of the magnetic structure of crystals, which has important applications for establishing crystallographic laws for magnetic materials.
Keyword ：
Characterization technique Characterization technique Crystal structure Crystal structure Magnetic origin Magnetic origin Magnetic structure Magnetic structure
Cite：
Copy from the list or Export to your reference management。
| GB/T 7714 | Xie, Yinan , Wang, Qian , Shang, Hongliang et al. The origin of magnetism in crystals and the techniques for characterizing magnetic structures: From microscopic ions to macroscopic magnetic expressions [J]. | COORDINATION CHEMISTRY REVIEWS , 2025 , 525 . |
| MLA | Xie, Yinan et al. "The origin of magnetism in crystals and the techniques for characterizing magnetic structures: From microscopic ions to macroscopic magnetic expressions" . | COORDINATION CHEMISTRY REVIEWS 525 (2025) . |
| APA | Xie, Yinan , Wang, Qian , Shang, Hongliang , Ku, Jiangang , Shen, Zhengchang . The origin of magnetism in crystals and the techniques for characterizing magnetic structures: From microscopic ions to macroscopic magnetic expressions . | COORDINATION CHEMISTRY REVIEWS , 2025 , 525 . |
| Export to | NoteExpress RIS BibTex |
Version ：
Abstract ：
Lithium is a critical mineral resource. With the development of high-end manufacturing industry, the demand for high-performance lithium-containing chemical raw materials continues to grow. At present, lithium needs to be acquired from a large amount of lepidolite ore, constrained by the existing lithium resource supply limitation quandary, and the industry urgently needs to develop more efficient beneficiation and extraction methods for lepidolite. Findings have suggested mixed collectors (e.g., DDA/SDBS) achieve a 4.99% Li2O grade and 98% recovery at neutral pH, reducing reagent use by 20-30%. Microwave-assisted roasting boosts Li recovery to 95.9% and cuts energy use by 26.9%. Bioleaching with Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (A.F.) and rhamnolipid releases 6.8 mg/L Li with a lower environmental impact. Sulfuric acid baking recovers Li (97.1%), Rb (96.0%), and Cs (95.1%) efficiently. Despite challenges in fine-particle recovery and reagent costs, integrated strategies like nanobubble flotation, green collectors, and AI optimization offer sustainable, high-efficiency extraction. This work provides insights for advancing lepidolite processing, balancing economics and environmental stewardship.
Keyword ：
comprehensive utilization comprehensive utilization direct leaching method direct leaching method froth flotation froth flotation lepidolite lepidolite thermal activation methods thermal activation methods
Cite：
Copy from the list or Export to your reference management。
| GB/T 7714 | Ku, Jiangang , Shi, Xiao , Wang, Qian et al. Efficient Exploitation of Lepidolite Resources: A Review on Beneficiation Techniques, Extraction Methods, and Synergistic Optimization [J]. | SEPARATIONS , 2025 , 12 (5) . |
| MLA | Ku, Jiangang et al. "Efficient Exploitation of Lepidolite Resources: A Review on Beneficiation Techniques, Extraction Methods, and Synergistic Optimization" . | SEPARATIONS 12 . 5 (2025) . |
| APA | Ku, Jiangang , Shi, Xiao , Wang, Qian , Lin, Hanyu , Shang, Hongliang , Shen, Zhengchang . Efficient Exploitation of Lepidolite Resources: A Review on Beneficiation Techniques, Extraction Methods, and Synergistic Optimization . | SEPARATIONS , 2025 , 12 (5) . |
| Export to | NoteExpress RIS BibTex |
Version ：
Abstract ：
High gradient magnetic separation technology is the key technology for green and efficient separation and purification of mineral resources. Existing studies are vague about the division of the attraction and repulsion zones of the medium, and there are fewer explorations of the effect of various conditions on the attraction zones. In this work, a novel method for calculating the magnetic force is derived, which provides an accurate calculation of the 3D magnetic force. The attraction and repulsion zones are divided clearly by analyzing the relationship between the spatial angle of the spherical medium and the magnetic force density per unit volume, with the magnetic force density per unit volume tangent to the spherical surface as the dividing line. The attraction and repulsion zones are divided by beta = 30 degrees similar to 35 degrees, and the attraction region accounts for 45%similar to 50% of the total space volume. Furthermore, the influence of different conditions on the attraction zone is studied. It was found that the zone of attraction decreases as one moves away from the spherical medium, which results in an ellipsoid with the effective zone of attraction of the spherical medium having the magnetic field direction as its long axis. The attraction region increases from 45.49% to 49.87% of the space occupied with increasing the relative permeability of the spherical medium. It does not affect the proportion of the attraction zone in space by changing the background magnetic field and the size of the spherical medium, but it will change the depth of the magnetic force. It provides a theoretical basis for the design of high-efficiency magnetic media, and gives a reference for further improving the selection effect of high gradient magnetic separation technology on fine and weak magnetic particles.
Keyword ：
attraction zone attraction zone high gradient magnetic separation high gradient magnetic separation magnetic energy density magnetic energy density magnetic force magnetic force microsphere medium microsphere medium
Cite：
Copy from the list or Export to your reference management。
| GB/T 7714 | Yu, Xuyan , Zhan, Lei , Wang, Xiubin et al. Spatial magnetic force and magnetic energy density analysis of microsphere medium in high gradient magnetic fields: a 3D simulation [J]. | PHYSICA SCRIPTA , 2025 , 100 (1) . |
| MLA | Yu, Xuyan et al. "Spatial magnetic force and magnetic energy density analysis of microsphere medium in high gradient magnetic fields: a 3D simulation" . | PHYSICA SCRIPTA 100 . 1 (2025) . |
| APA | Yu, Xuyan , Zhan, Lei , Wang, Xiubin , Wang, Qian , Ku, Jiangang . Spatial magnetic force and magnetic energy density analysis of microsphere medium in high gradient magnetic fields: a 3D simulation . | PHYSICA SCRIPTA , 2025 , 100 (1) . |
| Export to | NoteExpress RIS BibTex |
Version ：
Abstract ：
Kaolin, a versatile material, is widely utilized owing to its distinctive mineralogical characteristics, mineral morphology, and chemical and physical properties. Whiteness, a critical factor in determining the commercial value of kaolin, is significantly influenced by its impurities. Consequently, impurity removal from kaolin has emerged as a primary research focus. These studies have concentrated on enhancing kaolin's whiteness by optimizing critical parameters and employing innovative separation techniques. On this basis, this article reviews various methods for removing and separating iron (free and structural) and carbon impurities from kaolin, detailing the technical principles, optimizing parameters, and elucidating the mechanistic features of different beneficiation methods.In addition, this paper discusses the merits and limitations of these methods and proposes potential future research directions. This paper aims to guide the selection and development of strategies for kaolin purification and the decontamination of other clay minerals.
Keyword ：
Carbon Carbon Impurity Impurity Iron Iron Kaolin Kaolin Removal methods Removal methods Whiteness Whiteness
Cite：
Copy from the list or Export to your reference management。
| GB/T 7714 | Wang, Xiubin , Xie, Yinan , Wang, Qian et al. Removal and separation of iron and carbon from kaolin: A review [J]. | POWDER TECHNOLOGY , 2025 , 458 . |
| MLA | Wang, Xiubin et al. "Removal and separation of iron and carbon from kaolin: A review" . | POWDER TECHNOLOGY 458 (2025) . |
| APA | Wang, Xiubin , Xie, Yinan , Wang, Qian , Shang, Hongliang , Hu, Zhicheng , Ku, Jiangang et al. Removal and separation of iron and carbon from kaolin: A review . | POWDER TECHNOLOGY , 2025 , 458 . |
| Export to | NoteExpress RIS BibTex |
Version ：
Abstract ：
Micro- and nano- to millimeter-scale magnetic matrix materials have gained widespread application due to their exceptional magnetic properties and favorable cost-effectiveness. With the rapid progress in condensed matter physics, materials science, and mineral separation technologies, these materials are now poised for new opportunities in theoretical research and development. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of these matrices, encompassing their structure, size, shape, composition, properties, and multifaceted applications. These materials, primarily composed of alloys of transition state metasl such as iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), titanium (Ti), and nickel (Ni), exhibit unique attributes like high magnetization rates, low eleastic modulus, and high saturation magnetic field strengths. Furthermore, the studies also delve into the complex mechanical interactions involved in the separation of magnetic particles using magnetic separator matrices, including magnetic, gravitational, centrifugal, and van der Waals forces. The review outlines how size and shape effects influence the magnetic behavior of matrices, offering new perspectives for innovative applications of magnetic matrices in various domains of materials science and magnetic separation. (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(Fe),(sic)(Co),(sic)(Ti)(sic)(sic)(Ni)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). (sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).
Keyword ：
magnetic matrix materials magnetic matrix materials magnetic separation magnetic separation micro- and nano-magnetic matrix micro- and nano-magnetic matrix millimeter magnetic matrix millimeter magnetic matrix (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)
Cite：
Copy from the list or Export to your reference management。
| GB/T 7714 | Wang, Dong , Ku, Jian-gang , Lei, Zhong-yun et al. The application of multi-scale magnetic matrix materials in high-gradient magnetic separation: From micro- and nano- to millimeter-scale [J]. | JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY , 2025 , 32 (4) : 1299-1326 . |
| MLA | Wang, Dong et al. "The application of multi-scale magnetic matrix materials in high-gradient magnetic separation: From micro- and nano- to millimeter-scale" . | JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY 32 . 4 (2025) : 1299-1326 . |
| APA | Wang, Dong , Ku, Jian-gang , Lei, Zhong-yun , Li, Xin , Yan, Ju-jian , Wang, Qian . The application of multi-scale magnetic matrix materials in high-gradient magnetic separation: From micro- and nano- to millimeter-scale . | JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY , 2025 , 32 (4) , 1299-1326 . |
| Export to | NoteExpress RIS BibTex |
Version ：
Abstract ：
High purity quartz is an important mineral resource with stable physical and chemical properties and a wide range of applications, especially in the glass, crucible, casting, and fiber optic photovoltaic industries. With the development of higher requirements for optical components, compared with ordinary quartz, the value of high purity quartz increased substantially. So far, significant efforts have been made in the purification of quartz. However, the purity of quartz mineral raw materials remains relatively low, which continues to present a stark contrast with the high-purity requirements demanded by advanced applications. This paper first introduces the distribution of quartz and the types of impurities that seriously affect the quality and application of high-purity quartz. Methods of purification of high-purity quartz, such as magnetic separation, flotation, and leaching are highlighted, and multiple processes are combined to significantly enhance the purification effect. At the same time, the principles of each purification technology and the influencing factors are discussed. The aim of this paper is to gain an in-depth understanding of the key development prospects of high-purity quartz purification, to strengthen basic research and multidisciplinary cross-fertilization, and to provide ideas and references for the production of high-purity quartz.
Keyword ：
High purity quartz High purity quartz leaching leaching magnetic separation magnetic separation mineralogy mineralogy
Cite：
Copy from the list or Export to your reference management。
| GB/T 7714 | Zhan, Lei , Wang, Qian , Ku, Jiangang et al. Purification Technologies for High-Purity Quartz: From Mineralogy to Applications [J]. | SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS , 2025 . |
| MLA | Zhan, Lei et al. "Purification Technologies for High-Purity Quartz: From Mineralogy to Applications" . | SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS (2025) . |
| APA | Zhan, Lei , Wang, Qian , Ku, Jiangang , Shang, Hongliang , Shen, Zhengchang . Purification Technologies for High-Purity Quartz: From Mineralogy to Applications . | SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS , 2025 . |
| Export to | NoteExpress RIS BibTex |
Version ：
Abstract ：
The analysis of magnetic particle dynamics in a rotating magnetic field and the exploration of the magnetic agglomeration mechanism are crucial for effectively reducing agglomeration in strong magnetic minerals and improving sorting efficiency. The forces acting on magnetic particles in a rotating magnetic field were analyzed in this study. A 3D model was built to simulate the complex interaction between two magnetic particles in a rotating magnetic field using COMSOL Multiphysics finite element simulation software. It shows that the number of periods of change in the spiral period, velocity, and acceleration remains consistent under different conditions. Additionally, their period numbers are positively correlated with magnetic field rotational speed, medium viscosity, and the initial particle spacing, and negatively correlated with magnetic field strength. Under various conditions, the larger the area of the velocity-closed surface in the same cycle, the larger the helical diameter of the particle trajectory. The initial acceleration of the particles exhibits a positive correlation with the strength of the magnetic field, a negative correlation with the viscosity of the medium and the initial distance, and no significant relationship with the rotational speed of the magnetic field. For further research on the dynamics of magnetic particles and the refinement of the mechanism of magnetic agglomeration, the results have an important theoretical reference value.
Keyword ：
3D finite element method 3D finite element method dynamics dynamics magnetic agglomeration magnetic agglomeration magnetic particles magnetic particles rotating magnetic field rotating magnetic field
Cite：
Copy from the list or Export to your reference management。
| GB/T 7714 | Ku, Jiangang , Yu, Xuyan , Xia, Jun et al. Study of the dynamics of magnetic particles in rotating magnetic field: A 3D finite element analysis [J]. | PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROBLEMS OF MINERAL PROCESSING , 2025 , 61 (1) . |
| MLA | Ku, Jiangang et al. "Study of the dynamics of magnetic particles in rotating magnetic field: A 3D finite element analysis" . | PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROBLEMS OF MINERAL PROCESSING 61 . 1 (2025) . |
| APA | Ku, Jiangang , Yu, Xuyan , Xia, Jun , Wang, Qian , Wang, Zhaolian , Lei, Zhongyun . Study of the dynamics of magnetic particles in rotating magnetic field: A 3D finite element analysis . | PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROBLEMS OF MINERAL PROCESSING , 2025 , 61 (1) . |
| Export to | NoteExpress RIS BibTex |
Version ：
Abstract ：
针对现有微磁模拟软件无法直接计算磁力、宏观磁场下磁性矿粒所受磁力计算不精确以及动态磁化过程不明等问题,利用微磁学理论和数值模拟技术对现有的磁性矿粒磁力计算方式进行改进,结合多物理仿真软件COMSOL的物理场开发器、APP开发器以及磁场无电流物理场设计了一种计算磁性矿粒精确受力的软件.详细说明了磁性矿粒微磁模拟软件的原理,并将该软件与微磁学专业软件MERRILL在自发磁化状态下进行对比,最后比较传统仿真磁力计算方法和微磁学磁力计算方法在均匀磁场下计算 100 nm不规则磁铁矿颗粒磁力的准确性.研究结果表明:以相同的网格大小 5 nm对 80 nm的立方体磁性矿粒进行模拟,2 种软件呈现的不同初始状态的自发磁化状态一致;使用磁滞回线展现了正八面体磁性矿粒在变化磁场中的动态磁化过程;在均匀磁场下,采用微磁学的磁力计算方法相较于传统计算方法计算精度由 10-3 数量级提高至 10-11 数量级;该软件为从微磁学角度进行磁选理论研究提供了一个有力的工具,进一步促进了磁性矿粒在磁选过程中的动态磁化过程研究,对于提高磁性矿粒的磁力计算精度具有重要意义.
Keyword ：
二次开发 二次开发 微磁模拟 微磁模拟 矿物分选 矿物分选 磁力计算 磁力计算
Cite：
Copy from the list or Export to your reference management。
| GB/T 7714 | 丁伟 , 王前 , 李欣 et al. 磁性矿粒动态磁化模拟及精确磁力计算 [J]. | 金属矿山 , 2024 , (7) : 139-145 . |
| MLA | 丁伟 et al. "磁性矿粒动态磁化模拟及精确磁力计算" . | 金属矿山 7 (2024) : 139-145 . |
| APA | 丁伟 , 王前 , 李欣 , 库建刚 . 磁性矿粒动态磁化模拟及精确磁力计算 . | 金属矿山 , 2024 , (7) , 139-145 . |
| Export to | NoteExpress RIS BibTex |
Version ：
Abstract ：
Magnetic separation is a primary method for processing iron ore and plays a crucial role in both current beneficiation practices and other fields. Extensive research has been conducted on the motion behavior of magnetic particles within magnetic separation equipment. However, force analysis, particularly the calculation of magnetic forces, remains imprecise when dealing with irregularly shaped particles. Accurate prediction of magnetic particle behavior requires precise magnetic force calculations. This study introduces micromagnetic simulations to accurately compute the magnetic forces on irregular magnetic particles. Micromagnetic simulations can determine the precise magnetic moments and magnetic induction intensities within each microelement of the particle. The results of these simulations will be validated using magnetic force microscopy (MFM). The findings indicate that traditional magnetic force calculations deviate from the precise calculations presented in this study. For irregular particles, the computational errors in repulsive and attractive forces are 770% and 576% higher, respectively, compared to spherical particles. This underscores the necessity of considering particle shape in realistic magnetic force calculations. Additionally, both the MFM measurement images and the simulated magnetic force maps exhibit bright and dark regions correlated with particle shape, demonstrating that micro- magnetic simulation results can be verified through MFM measurements. This paper proposes an experimentally verifiable method for accurately calculating the magnetic forces on magnetic particles using micromagnetic simulations, which holds significant implications for designing more efficient and precise magnetic separation equipment.
Keyword ：
Magnetic force calculation Magnetic force calculation Magnetic force microscope Magnetic force microscope Magnetic separation Magnetic separation Magnetite Magnetite Magnetization Magnetization Micromagnetism simulation Micromagnetism simulation
Cite：
Copy from the list or Export to your reference management。
| GB/T 7714 | Li, Xin , Wang, Zhaolian , Wang, Qian et al. Accurate calculation of magnetic forces on magnetic mineral particles using micromagnetic simulations [J]. | MINERALS ENGINEERING , 2024 , 218 . |
| MLA | Li, Xin et al. "Accurate calculation of magnetic forces on magnetic mineral particles using micromagnetic simulations" . | MINERALS ENGINEERING 218 (2024) . |
| APA | Li, Xin , Wang, Zhaolian , Wang, Qian , Jiang, Kaixi , Ku, Jiangang . Accurate calculation of magnetic forces on magnetic mineral particles using micromagnetic simulations . | MINERALS ENGINEERING , 2024 , 218 . |
| Export to | NoteExpress RIS BibTex |
Version ：
Abstract ：
Understanding the internal magnetization structure of an individual ferromagnetic nanoparticle (MNP) is crucial for deciphering its magnetic characteristics. Unfortunately, while certain techniques can measure the magnetic properties of an individual MNP, they fall short of accurately detecting the internal magnetization structure. In this work, micromagnetic simulations were employed to construct the internal magnetization structure of an individual CoFe2O4 (CFO) nanopyramid, and the energy jump behavior during the magnetization process was successfully explained, with simulation results aligning with dynamic cantilever magnetometry (DCM) experimental outcomes. Subsequently, the external stray field of the nanopyramid was simulated, and the stray field gradient map revealed distinct bright and dark regions corresponding to the reverse and forward saturation magnetizations of the CFO nanopyramid. This result is possible to be verified by magnetic force microscopy (MFM) measurements of individual CFO nanopyramids. The confidence in the accuracy of the simulated internal magnetization structure was significantly enhanced by independently verifying the micromagnetic simulation results through DCM and MFM experiments. Our work proposes a convenient and cost-effective method for studying the internal magnetization structure of individual MNPs. (c) 2024 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.
Cite：
Copy from the list or Export to your reference management。
| GB/T 7714 | Ku, Jiangang , Li, Xin , Wang, Zhaolian et al. Spin orientation evolution of individual ferromagnetic nanoparticle during reversing magnetization processes revealed by micromagnetic simulations [J]. | JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS , 2024 , 136 (3) . |
| MLA | Ku, Jiangang et al. "Spin orientation evolution of individual ferromagnetic nanoparticle during reversing magnetization processes revealed by micromagnetic simulations" . | JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 136 . 3 (2024) . |
| APA | Ku, Jiangang , Li, Xin , Wang, Zhaolian , Wang, Qian , Xue, Fei . Spin orientation evolution of individual ferromagnetic nanoparticle during reversing magnetization processes revealed by micromagnetic simulations . | JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS , 2024 , 136 (3) . |
| Export to | NoteExpress RIS BibTex |
Version ：
Export
| Results： |
Selected to |
| Format： |
