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Abstract ：
The interactions between chemical, hydraulic, and mechanical processes in clay soils has garnered significant attention in various fields. It is important to study the transport of chemical substances and the deformation of the clay layer under the combined action of chemical solution and mechanical loading. Clay is a typical porous medium, primarily composed of soil skeleton and pores, with the shape, size, and distribution of clay pores being random, making it difficult to accurately describe using traditional geometry. A fractal model can be used to simulate clay soils. This study leverages the fractal theory of clay, incorporating the generalized effective stress principle in chemical solutions and a fractal model for the diffusion of chemical substances. A chemo-hydro-mechanical coupling model based on fractal theory is developed. Simulation results show that an increase in fractal dimension corresponds to a heightened roughness of the pore surfaces and an increased tortuosity of the pore channels, which significantly amplify the resistance to solute diffusion, thereby retarding the rate of solute transport. As a result, the magnitude of the maximum negative pore pressure within the clay layer, leading to a longer time required for complete pore pressure dissipation. Additionally, the deformation of the clay layer is larger.
Keyword ：
Chemo-osmotic consolidation Chemo-osmotic consolidation Coupled transport Coupled transport Fractal theory Fractal theory Osmotic conductivity Osmotic conductivity
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| GB/T 7714 | Zheng, Xinjiang , Chen, Xianyuan , Chen, Zhibo et al. Modelling solute transport and deformation of clay soil under the chemo-hydro-mechanical coupling actions based on fractal theory [J]. | SCIENTIFIC REPORTS , 2025 , 15 (1) . |
| MLA | Zheng, Xinjiang et al. "Modelling solute transport and deformation of clay soil under the chemo-hydro-mechanical coupling actions based on fractal theory" . | SCIENTIFIC REPORTS 15 . 1 (2025) . |
| APA | Zheng, Xinjiang , Chen, Xianyuan , Chen, Zhibo , Zhu, Mengyuan , Li, Xiaoyue . Modelling solute transport and deformation of clay soil under the chemo-hydro-mechanical coupling actions based on fractal theory . | SCIENTIFIC REPORTS , 2025 , 15 (1) . |
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我国近海地震频发,地震作用对海上风电基础与风机结构的稳定性影响大.为了准确有效地计算海上风电结构地震动力响应,该文根据波动理论和斯奈尔定律,推导了基于黏弹性人工边界的三维成层土地震等效节点力计算公式,并验证了其准确性.在此基础上,以福建莆田某风电场地基为例,建立5 MW风机-单桩-成层海床三维一体化数值分析模型,进行了地震作用下的海上风电动力响应分析.研究表明:当地震发生时,地基中不同位置的土体响应不同,对于浅层桩周土体,距离桩基越近,土体加速度响应越小,桩基会对浅层桩周土体的加速度有一定抑制作用;桩基对不同深度的土层剪应变影响也相差较大.对于风机结构而言,最大位移发生在塔架顶部,最大加速度和最大应力发生在塔架中部.
Keyword ：
单桩式海上风电 单桩式海上风电 地震响应 地震响应 成层地基 成层地基 等效节点力 等效节点力 黏弹性人工边界 黏弹性人工边界
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| GB/T 7714 | 陈志波 , 刘海波 , 曹光伟 et al. 基于黏弹性人工边界的成层地基中海上风机地震响应分析 [J]. | 振动与冲击 , 2025 , 44 (3) : 291-300,308 . |
| MLA | 陈志波 et al. "基于黏弹性人工边界的成层地基中海上风机地震响应分析" . | 振动与冲击 44 . 3 (2025) : 291-300,308 . |
| APA | 陈志波 , 刘海波 , 曹光伟 , 何奔 , 曾旭明 , 潘生贵 . 基于黏弹性人工边界的成层地基中海上风机地震响应分析 . | 振动与冲击 , 2025 , 44 (3) , 291-300,308 . |
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Earthquakes occur frequently in China ' s offshore areas, and seismio aotions significantly affeot the stability of offshore wind power foundations and wind turbine structures. Here, to correctly and effectively calculate seismic dynamic responses of offshore wind power structures, a viscoelastic artificial boundary-based 3D layered soil seismic equivalent node force calculation formula was derived according to wave theory and Snell law, and its correctness was verified. Then, taking the foundation of a certain wind power field in Putian, Fujian Province as an example, a 3D integrated numerical analysis model for 5 MW wind turbine-single pile-layered seabed was established to analyze dynamic response of offshore wind power under earthquake. The study showed that when earthquake occurs, responses of soil bodies at different positions in foundation are different, for shallow soil body around pile, the closer the distance to pile foundation, the smaller the soil body acceleration response, pile foundation can have a certain suppressing effect on acceleration of shallow layer soil body around piles; effects of pile foundation on shear strain of soil layers at different depths also have larger differences; for wind turbine structure, the maximum displacement occurs at tower top, while the maximum acceleration and the maximum stress occur in middle of tower. © 2025 Chinese Vibration Engineering Society. All rights reserved.
Keyword ：
Dynamic response Dynamic response Earthquake effects Earthquake effects Earthquake engineering Earthquake engineering Offshore structures Offshore structures Offshore wind turbines Offshore wind turbines Pile foundations Pile foundations Piles Piles Seismic response Seismic response Shear deformation Shear deformation Shear flow Shear flow Shear strain Shear strain Structural dynamics Structural dynamics Vibration analysis Vibration analysis
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| GB/T 7714 | Chen, Zhibo , Liu, Haibo , Cao, Guangwei et al. Seismic response analysis of offshore wind turbine in layered subsoils based on viscoelastic artificial boundary [J]. | Journal of Vibration and Shock , 2025 , 44 (3) : 291-300 and 308 . |
| MLA | Chen, Zhibo et al. "Seismic response analysis of offshore wind turbine in layered subsoils based on viscoelastic artificial boundary" . | Journal of Vibration and Shock 44 . 3 (2025) : 291-300 and 308 . |
| APA | Chen, Zhibo , Liu, Haibo , Cao, Guangwei , He, Ben , Zeng, Xuming , Pan, Shenggui . Seismic response analysis of offshore wind turbine in layered subsoils based on viscoelastic artificial boundary . | Journal of Vibration and Shock , 2025 , 44 (3) , 291-300 and 308 . |
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An integrated model of an offshore wind turbine (OWT) which incorporates wind turbine-water-pile-soil interactions and cyclic/dynamic behaviour of saturated clays with pore fluid pressure is introduced to study the dynamic behaviour of OWT monopiles in clay. Based on the integrated model, the influences of threedimensional (3D) seawater modelling and operational conditions on monopiles are investigated. The analysis results show that under wind-wave loads, the significant accumulation of excess pore pressure can be observed in the seabed soil, and use of the effective stress method involving excess pore pressure in integrated dynamic analyses of OWTs is essential. Compared to conventional added mass methods, the consideration of the 3D feature of the seawater leads to more intense dynamic responses, such as cumulative displacement, soil damping and pore pressure, and neglecting the 3D nature of seawater is non-conservative for the design of OWT monopile foundations. Furthermore, the value of the soil damping is affected by the actual effective stress state of soil and operational conditions, and using an empirical constant to determine the value of soil damping is questionable for the dynamic analysis of OWTs.
Keyword ：
3D modelling of seawater 3D modelling of seawater Excess pore pressure Excess pore pressure Integrated analysis Integrated analysis Monopile Monopile Operational condition Operational condition OWT OWT
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| GB/T 7714 | Cao, Guangwei , Ding, Xuanming , Chen, Zhibo et al. Dynamic hydro-mechanical response of offshore wind turbine monopiles in clay based on an integrated analysis [J]. | OCEAN ENGINEERING , 2024 , 313 . |
| MLA | Cao, Guangwei et al. "Dynamic hydro-mechanical response of offshore wind turbine monopiles in clay based on an integrated analysis" . | OCEAN ENGINEERING 313 (2024) . |
| APA | Cao, Guangwei , Ding, Xuanming , Chen, Zhibo , Zhou, Peng , Jiang, Chunyong . Dynamic hydro-mechanical response of offshore wind turbine monopiles in clay based on an integrated analysis . | OCEAN ENGINEERING , 2024 , 313 . |
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Granite residual soils are highly susceptible to softening and disintegration when exposed to water, extremely easy to cause geological disasters. Biomineralization can be a promising method to improve the anti-disintegration of granite residual soils. However, due to the low permeability of the soil, it may be difficult to effectively or efficiently improve the anti-disintegration of granite residual soils using conventional premix or spray methods. This study proposes a premix-spray biomineralization method to improve the anti-disintegration of granite residual soils. The bacterial suspension, bioslurry, and crude soybean urease solution were used as the urea hydrolysis media in this study. The biomineralization of granite residual soils by premix, spray, and premix-spray methods was compared based on the disintegration test and calcium carbonate content measurement. The scanning electron microscope observation, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction were also conducted to clarify the microscopic characteristics of the biotreated granite residual soils. The test results indicate that the premix-spray method could effectively improve the anti-disintegration of granite residual soil, and the bioslurry is the optimal urea hydrolysis medium for the premix treatment. The sample prepared by premixing with bioslurry followed by 3 cycles of spray treatment could remain relatively stable with no apparent disintegration or cracking within 24 h of immersion. The underlying mechanisms for the anti-disintegration improvement of granite residual soils with biomineralization may mainly include the pore filling, encapsulating bonds between soil particles, and biocementation of adjacent soil particles by the precipitated calcium carbonate crystals.
Keyword ：
Anti-disintegration Anti-disintegration Bioslurry Bioslurry Granite residual soil Granite residual soil Premix-spray biomineralization method Premix-spray biomineralization method Underlying mechanism Underlying mechanism
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| GB/T 7714 | Lai, Han-Jiang , Ding, Xing-Zhi , Cui, Ming-Juan et al. Premix-spray biomineralization method for anti-disintegration improvement of granite residual soil [J]. | ACTA GEOTECHNICA , 2024 , 20 (3) : 1251-1265 . |
| MLA | Lai, Han-Jiang et al. "Premix-spray biomineralization method for anti-disintegration improvement of granite residual soil" . | ACTA GEOTECHNICA 20 . 3 (2024) : 1251-1265 . |
| APA | Lai, Han-Jiang , Ding, Xing-Zhi , Cui, Ming-Juan , Zhou, Yan-Jun , Zheng, Jun-Jie , Chen, Zhi-Bo . Premix-spray biomineralization method for anti-disintegration improvement of granite residual soil . | ACTA GEOTECHNICA , 2024 , 20 (3) , 1251-1265 . |
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Bio-cementation technology based on crude soybean urease is a new environmentally friendly foundation treatment technology emerging in the field of geotechnical engineering. The uniformity of bio-cementation is a pressing issue that needs to be addressed to advance the application of this technology in practical engineering, and soil particle size stands as a significant influencing factor. In this study, 13 types of sand with varying particle sizes were selected, along with self-extracted crude soybean urease solution, to conduct urease percolation tests, sand column curing tests, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) examinations. These experiments aimed to analyze the influence of soil particle size on the effectiveness of bio-cementation using crude soybean urease and explore its underlying mechanisms. The findings reveal that soil particle size significantly affects the migration and adsorption of urease in the crude soybean urease solution. Smaller soil particle sizes facilitate the adsorption of urease. However, excessively small particle sizes (e.g., less than 0.425 mm) lead to the concentration of most adsorbed urease in the middle and upper regions of the soil column. Conversely, excessively large particle sizes (e.g., greater than 4.750 mm) hinder urease adsorption in these regions. Both scenarios tend to result in uneven bio-cementation. Besides the amount of urease adsorption, the influence of soil particle size effect on the biocementation efficacy based on soybean urease is also associated with factors such as pore size within the soil and the number of particle contacts per unit volume of soil. Larger soil particles result in larger interstitial pore sizes and fewer particle contacts, thus hindering the formation of effective calcium carbonate crystals. © 2024 Biodiversity Research Center Academia Sinica. All rights reserved.
Keyword ：
Cementing (shafts) Cementing (shafts) Conservation Conservation Pressing (forming) Pressing (forming) Soil testing Soil testing
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| GB/T 7714 | Lai, Han-Jiang , Liu, Run-Ming , Chen, Zhi-Bo et al. Effect of grain size on biocementation of sand using crude soybean urease [J]. | Rock and Soil Mechanics , 2024 , 45 : 25-32 . |
| MLA | Lai, Han-Jiang et al. "Effect of grain size on biocementation of sand using crude soybean urease" . | Rock and Soil Mechanics 45 (2024) : 25-32 . |
| APA | Lai, Han-Jiang , Liu, Run-Ming , Chen, Zhi-Bo , Cui, Ming-Juan . Effect of grain size on biocementation of sand using crude soybean urease . | Rock and Soil Mechanics , 2024 , 45 , 25-32 . |
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The response characteristics of large-diameter monopiles under lateral loads greatly differ from those of traditional small-diameter piles. By means of transparent soil and centrifuge tests, as well as numerical analyses, the soil flow mechanism and lateral behavior of large-diameter monopiles in soft clay were investigated. The study result reveals that a rotational failure mechanism, different from wedge-full-flow mechanisms, exists in the large-diameter monopile-soil system. For stubby large-diameter monopiles, using the classic wedge-full-flow mechanisms can lead to an overestimation of lateral capability due to its absence in considering the rotational mechanism. In addition, the normalized p-y curves in the rotational soil flow zone are also observed to have larger initial stiffness and attain yield plateau earlier than those in wedge-full-flow zone. Differences in Np values among different centrifuge tests are partly attributed to the different means of obtaining the clay's undrained shear strength. When the undrained strength from consolidated undrained triaxial tests is taken, consistent values of Np originating from different test results are observed. Finally, based on the results from centrifuge tests and well-calibrated numerical analyses, an empirical formulation of Np for large-diameter monopiles in soft clay is proposed.
Keyword ：
Centrifuge test Centrifuge test Large-diameter monopile Large-diameter monopile Lateral behavior Lateral behavior Numerical analysis Numerical analysis Soft clay Soft clay Transparent soil test Transparent soil test
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| GB/T 7714 | Cao, Guangwei , Chian, Siau Chen , Ding, Xuanming et al. Lateral behavior of large-diameter monopiles in clay using transparent soil and centrifuge tests [J]. | ACTA GEOTECHNICA , 2024 , 20 (4) : 1795-1812 . |
| MLA | Cao, Guangwei et al. "Lateral behavior of large-diameter monopiles in clay using transparent soil and centrifuge tests" . | ACTA GEOTECHNICA 20 . 4 (2024) : 1795-1812 . |
| APA | Cao, Guangwei , Chian, Siau Chen , Ding, Xuanming , Chen, Zhibo , Zhou, Peng . Lateral behavior of large-diameter monopiles in clay using transparent soil and centrifuge tests . | ACTA GEOTECHNICA , 2024 , 20 (4) , 1795-1812 . |
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Bacterial suspension is an essential component of microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP)based biocement and a large-scale production is required for field applications. In this study, a new bacterial concentration method is proposed to enable high concentration bacterial suspension to be produced to facilitate field work. By adding low concentration calcium to bacterial suspension, flocs are formed and bacterial cells are adsorbed on the flocs to achieve bacterial concentration. Compared to the traditional bacterial concentration method using centrifugation and freezing-drying method, the proposed method can concentrate a large volume of bacterial suspension without using special equipment. The feasibility of this method is verified by bacterial concentration tests, solution tests and sand column treatment tests. The results of both the solution test and the sand column treatment test show that the bacterial suspension concentrated by the proposed method can be effectively used for soil biocementation. There is a threshold calcium concentration that allows a complete bacterial concentration for the proposed method, and this threshold calcium concentration tends to increase linearly with the optical density of the cell suspension at a wavelength of 600 nm (OD600). (c) 2024 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/ 4.0/).
Keyword ：
Bacterial concentration Bacterial concentration Biocement Biocement Biocementation Biocementation (MICP) (MICP) Microbially induced carbonate precipitation Microbially induced carbonate precipitation
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| GB/T 7714 | Lai, Hanjiang , Ding, Xingzhi , Cui, Mingjuan et al. A new bacterial concentration method for large-scale applications of biomineralization [J]. | JOURNAL OF ROCK MECHANICS AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING , 2024 , 16 (12) : 5109-5120 . |
| MLA | Lai, Hanjiang et al. "A new bacterial concentration method for large-scale applications of biomineralization" . | JOURNAL OF ROCK MECHANICS AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING 16 . 12 (2024) : 5109-5120 . |
| APA | Lai, Hanjiang , Ding, Xingzhi , Cui, Mingjuan , Zheng, Junjie , Chu, Jian , Chen, Zhibo et al. A new bacterial concentration method for large-scale applications of biomineralization . | JOURNAL OF ROCK MECHANICS AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING , 2024 , 16 (12) , 5109-5120 . |
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In this study, various countermeasures used to mitigate tunnel deformations due to nearby multi-propped basement excavation in soft clay are explored by three-dimensional numerical analyses. Field measurements are used to calibrate the numerical model and model parameters. Since concrete slabs can constrain soil and retaining wall movements, tunnel movements reach the maximum value when soils are excavated to the formation level of basement. Deformation shapes of an existing tunnel due to adjacent basement excavation are greatly affected by relative position between tunnel and basement. When the tunnel is located above or far below the formation level of basement, it elongates downward-toward or upward-toward the basement, respectively. It is found that tunnel movements concentrate in a triangular zone with a width of 2 He (i.e., final excavation depth) and a depth of 1 D (i.e., tunnel diameter) above or 1 D below the formation level of basement. By increasing retaining wall thickness from 0.4 m to 0.9 m, tunnel movements decrease by up to 56.7%. Moreover, tunnel movements are reduced by up to 80.7% and 61.3%, respectively, when the entire depth and width of soil within basement are reinforced. Installation of isolation wall can greatly reduce tunnel movements due to adjacent basement excavation, especially for tunnel with a shallow burial depth. The effectiveness of isolation wall to reduce tunnel movement is negligible unless the wall reaches the level of tunnel invert.
Keyword ：
countermeasures countermeasures isolation wall isolation wall jet grouting jet grouting multi -propped basement multi -propped basement tunnel tunnel
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| GB/T 7714 | Zheng, Jinhuo , Shen, Minglong , Tu, Shifang et al. Investigations of countermeasures used to mitigate tunnel deformations due to adjacent basement excavation in soft clays [J]. | GEOMECHANICS AND ENGINEERING , 2024 , 36 (6) : 563-573 . |
| MLA | Zheng, Jinhuo et al. "Investigations of countermeasures used to mitigate tunnel deformations due to adjacent basement excavation in soft clays" . | GEOMECHANICS AND ENGINEERING 36 . 6 (2024) : 563-573 . |
| APA | Zheng, Jinhuo , Shen, Minglong , Tu, Shifang , Chen, Zhibo , Ni, Xiaodong . Investigations of countermeasures used to mitigate tunnel deformations due to adjacent basement excavation in soft clays . | GEOMECHANICS AND ENGINEERING , 2024 , 36 (6) , 563-573 . |
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Enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) based on self -extracted crude soybean urease solution (CSUS) is a promising method for soil improvement. However, the deionized water -extracted CSUS usually contains a large amount of impurities that easily lead to bioclogging during the biogrouting process, resulting in a nonuniform biomineralization effect. In this study, a purification method using inorganic flocculants is proposed to extract CSUS with relatively high purity and urease activity (UA) for EICP method. Seven commonly used inorganic flocculants were adopted in this study, including KAl(SO4)2 center dot 12H2O, AlCl3 center dot 6H2O, Al2(SO4)3 center dot 18H2O, Fe2(SO4)3, poly aluminum chloride, poly ferric sulfate, and poly aluminum ferric chloride. Three sets of tests, including CSUS extraction tests, solution tests, and sand column treatment tests, were conducted to investigate the feasibility and validity of this purification method. The test results show that inorganic flocculants could effectively reduce the turbidity of the extracted CSUS, avoid the bioclogging during biogrouting, and thus improve the biomineralization effect of the CSUS-based EICP method. Compared with deionized water -based CSUS, at least 60% of the impurities in CSUS can be removed at optimal flocculant contents when the soybean powder content is 100 g/L. On the other hand, the flocculants would also cause a reduction in the UA of the extracted CSUS. Considering the UA, turbidity, and biomineralization effect of the extracted CSUS, the optimal inorganic flocculants and their contents are recommended to be 3.0 g/L for KAl(SO4)2 center dot 12H2O, 2.0 g/L for AlCl3 center dot 6H2O, 2.5 g/L for Al2(SO4)3 center dot 18H2O under the tested conditions, respectively.
Keyword ：
Biomineralization Biomineralization Enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) Enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) Inorganic flocculant Inorganic flocculant Soybean urease Soybean urease Urease extraction Urease extraction
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| GB/T 7714 | Lai, Han-Jiang , Liu, Hui , Cui, Ming-Juan et al. Inorganic flocculant-based soybean urease extraction and its effect on biomineralization [J]. | JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION , 2024 , 460 . |
| MLA | Lai, Han-Jiang et al. "Inorganic flocculant-based soybean urease extraction and its effect on biomineralization" . | JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 460 (2024) . |
| APA | Lai, Han-Jiang , Liu, Hui , Cui, Ming-Juan , Zheng, Jun-Jie , Chen, Zhi-Bo , Zhang, Zhi-Chao . Inorganic flocculant-based soybean urease extraction and its effect on biomineralization . | JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION , 2024 , 460 . |
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