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Abstract ：
The growing demands for X-ray imaging applications impose diverse and stringent requirements on advanced X-ray detectors. Among these, flexibility stands out as the most expected characteristic for next-generation X-ray detectors. Flexible X-ray detectors can spatially conform to nonflat surfaces, substantially improving the imaging resolution, reducing the X-ray exposure dosage, and enabling extended application opportunities that are hardly achievable by conventional rigid flat-panel detectors. Over the past years, indirect- and direct-conversion flexible X-ray detectors have made marvelous achievements. In particular, microscale and nanoscale engineering technologies play a pivotal role in defining the optical, electrical, and mechanical properties of flexible X-ray detectors. In this Perspective, we spotlight recent landmark advancements in flexible X-ray detectors from the aspects of micro/nano engineering strategies, which are broadly categorized into two prevailing modalities: materials-in-substrate and materials-on-substrate. We also discuss existing challenges hindering the development of flexible X-ray detectors, as well as prospective research opportunities to mitigate these issues.
Keyword ：
flexible X-ray detectors flexible X-ray detectors nanoengineering nanoengineering scintillator scintillator semiconductor semiconductor X-ray imaging X-ray imaging
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| GB/T 7714 | Ou, Xiangyu , Hong, Zhongzhu , Wu, Qinxia et al. Micro/Nano Engineering Advances Next-Generation Flexible X-ray Detectors [J]. | ACS NANO , 2024 , 18 (40) : 27126-27137 . |
| MLA | Ou, Xiangyu et al. "Micro/Nano Engineering Advances Next-Generation Flexible X-ray Detectors" . | ACS NANO 18 . 40 (2024) : 27126-27137 . |
| APA | Ou, Xiangyu , Hong, Zhongzhu , Wu, Qinxia , Chen, Xiaofeng , Xie, Lili , Zhang, Zhenzhen et al. Micro/Nano Engineering Advances Next-Generation Flexible X-ray Detectors . | ACS NANO , 2024 , 18 (40) , 27126-27137 . |
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X射线发光是指闪烁体在X射线激发下发射出低能量光子的过程,在生物传感、医学成像、光动力治疗、光遗传等领域具有应用前景.相较于传统的紫外激发光,X射线对生物组织具有高穿透性且不会触发生物体的自荧光,可实现深组织、无背景、高灵敏的生物分析.近年来,基于纳米闪烁体的X射线发光在生物光子学领域中得到广泛研究,促进了 X射线发光在分析化学和生物医学中的应用.本文首先对闪烁体的X射线发光机理进行了概述,接着重点介绍了纳米闪烁体作为光学探针在生物分子测量与疾病治疗中的研究进展,包括生物传感、活体成像和光动力治疗等,最后讨论了该领域存在的一些挑战和可能的解决方案.
Keyword ：
X射线发光 X射线发光 光学探针 光学探针 生物分析 生物分析 纳米闪烁体 纳米闪烁体
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| GB/T 7714 | 徐新奇 , 张珍珍 , 陈小丰 et al. 基于纳米闪烁体的X射线发光生物分子测量与疾病治疗研究进展 [J]. | 化学通报（印刷版） , 2024 , 87 (9) : 1009-1019 . |
| MLA | 徐新奇 et al. "基于纳米闪烁体的X射线发光生物分子测量与疾病治疗研究进展" . | 化学通报（印刷版） 87 . 9 (2024) : 1009-1019 . |
| APA | 徐新奇 , 张珍珍 , 陈小丰 , 陈秋水 , 杨黄浩 . 基于纳米闪烁体的X射线发光生物分子测量与疾病治疗研究进展 . | 化学通报（印刷版） , 2024 , 87 (9) , 1009-1019 . |
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Abstract ：
X射线发光是指闪烁体在X射线激发下发射出低能量光子的过程，在生物传感、医学成像、光动力治疗、光遗传等领域具有应用前景。相较于传统的紫外激发光，X射线对生物组织具有高穿透性且不会触发生物体的自荧光，可实现深组织、无背景、高灵敏的生物分析。近年来，基于纳米闪烁体的X射线发光在生物光子学领域中得到广泛研究，促进了X射线发光在分析化学和生物医学中的应用。本文首先对闪烁体的X射线发光机理进行了概述，接着重点介绍了纳米闪烁体作为光学探针在生物分子测量与疾病治疗中的研究进展，包括生物传感、活体成像和光动力治疗等，最后讨论了该领域存在的一些挑战和可能的解决方案。
Keyword ：
X射线发光 X射线发光 光学探针 光学探针 生物分析 生物分析 纳米闪烁体 纳米闪烁体
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| GB/T 7714 | 徐新奇 , 张珍珍 , 陈小丰 et al. 基于纳米闪烁体的X射线发光生物分子测量与疾病治疗研究进展 [J]. | 化学通报 , 2024 , 87 (09) : 1009-1019 . |
| MLA | 徐新奇 et al. "基于纳米闪烁体的X射线发光生物分子测量与疾病治疗研究进展" . | 化学通报 87 . 09 (2024) : 1009-1019 . |
| APA | 徐新奇 , 张珍珍 , 陈小丰 , 陈秋水 , 杨黄浩 . 基于纳米闪烁体的X射线发光生物分子测量与疾病治疗研究进展 . | 化学通报 , 2024 , 87 (09) , 1009-1019 . |
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Precise monitoring of biomolecular radiation damage is crucial for understanding X-ray-induced cell injury and improving the accuracy of clinical radiotherapy. We present the design and performance of lanthanide-DNA-origami nanodosimeters for directly visualizing radiation damage at the single-particle level. Lanthanide ions (Tb3+ or Eu3+) coordinated with DNA origami nanosensors enhance the sensitivity of X-ray irradiation. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed morphological changes in Eu3+-sensitized DNA origami upon X-ray irradiation, indicating damage caused by ionization-generated electrons and free radicals. We further demonstrated the practical applicability of Eu3+-DNA-origami integrated chips in precisely monitoring radiation-mediated cancer radiotherapy. Quantitative results showed consistent trends with flow cytometry and histological examination under comparable X-ray irradiation doses, providing an affordable and user-friendly visualization tool for preclinical applications. These findings provide new insights into the impact of heavy metals on radiation-induced biomolecular damage and pave the way for future research in developing nanoscale radiation sensors for precise clinical radiography.
Keyword ：
DNA origami DNA origami Lanthanide sensitizer Lanthanide sensitizer Radiationdamage Radiationdamage Radiotherapy Radiotherapy X-ray sensitivity X-ray sensitivity
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| GB/T 7714 | Chen, Minle , Jiang, Yijuan , Zhang, Yongjie et al. Visualization of Biomolecular Radiation Damage at the Single-Particle Level Using Lanthanide-Sensitized DNA Origami [J]. | NANO LETTERS , 2024 , 24 (37) : 11690-11696 . |
| MLA | Chen, Minle et al. "Visualization of Biomolecular Radiation Damage at the Single-Particle Level Using Lanthanide-Sensitized DNA Origami" . | NANO LETTERS 24 . 37 (2024) : 11690-11696 . |
| APA | Chen, Minle , Jiang, Yijuan , Zhang, Yongjie , Chen, Xiaoling , Xie, Lei , Xie, Lili et al. Visualization of Biomolecular Radiation Damage at the Single-Particle Level Using Lanthanide-Sensitized DNA Origami . | NANO LETTERS , 2024 , 24 (37) , 11690-11696 . |
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Nanocrystal scintillators have attracted considerable attention due to their attractive facile solution-processed thin-film fabrication and tunable X-ray luminescence, and thus hold promise for manufacturing nextgeneration scintillation screens for high-resolution X-ray imaging. Current inorganic scintillators usually have drawbacks of time-consuming preparation, toxic components, and rigorous synthesis conditions at a relatively high temperature. Here, we report a one-pot green synthesis strategy for readily scaling-up preparation of ecofriendly, lanthanide-doped NaBiF4 nanoscintillators. These nanoscintillators feature efficient X-ray absorption due to the high-Z bismuth element and tunable radioluminescence in the visible region through rational lanthanide doping. We demonstrate a laminating-annealing technology to fabricate large-area scintillation screen (o = 5 cm) using these NaBiF4 nanoscintillators for high-resolution X-ray imaging with a spatial resolution of 9 line pairs per millimeter (lp mm-1). Our study offers new ways to transport low-cost synthesis of high-quality nanoscintillators for high-performance digital radiography.
Keyword ：
High-resolution High-resolution NaBiF4 NaBiF4 Nanoscintillator Nanoscintillator X-ray imaging X-ray imaging
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| GB/T 7714 | Hong, Zhongzhu , He, Shuai , Wu, Qinxia et al. One-pot synthesis of lanthanide-activated NaBiF4 nanoscintillators for high-resolution X-ray luminescence imaging [J]. | JOURNAL OF LUMINESCENCE , 2023 , 254 . |
| MLA | Hong, Zhongzhu et al. "One-pot synthesis of lanthanide-activated NaBiF4 nanoscintillators for high-resolution X-ray luminescence imaging" . | JOURNAL OF LUMINESCENCE 254 (2023) . |
| APA | Hong, Zhongzhu , He, Shuai , Wu, Qinxia , Chen, Xiaofeng , Yang, Zhijian , Wang, Xiaoze et al. One-pot synthesis of lanthanide-activated NaBiF4 nanoscintillators for high-resolution X-ray luminescence imaging . | JOURNAL OF LUMINESCENCE , 2023 , 254 . |
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X-ray imaging plays an increasingly crucial role in clinical radiography, industrial inspection, and military applications. However, current X-ray imaging technologies have difficulty in protecting against information leakage caused by brute force attacks via trial-and-error. Here high-confidentiality X-ray imaging encryption by fabricating ultralong radioluminescence memory films composed of lanthanide-activated nanoscintillators (NaLuF4: Gd3+ or Ce3+) with imperceptible purely-ultraviolet (UV) emission is reported. Mechanistic investigations unveil that ultralong X-ray memory is attributed to the long-lived trapping of thermalized charge carriers within Frenkel defect states and subsequent slow release in the form of imperceptible radioluminescence. The encrypted X-ray imaging can be securely stored in the memory film for more than 7 days and optically decoded by perovskite nanocrystal. Importantly, this encryption strategy can protect X-ray imaging information against brute force trial-and-error attacks through the perception of lifetime change in the persistent radioluminescence. It is further demonstrated that the as-fabricated flexible memory film enables achieving of 3D X-ray imaging encryption of curved objects with a high spatial resolution of 20 lp/mm and excellent recyclability. This study provides valuable insights into the fundamental understanding of X-ray-to-UV conversion in nanocrystal lattices and opens up a new avenue toward the development of high-confidential 3D X-ray imaging encryption technologies. Existing X-ray imaging technologies have difficulty in protecting against information leakage from brute force attacks through trial and error. In this study, high-confidential 3D X-ray imaging encryption is achieved by fabricating ultralong imperceptible radioluminescence memory films.image
Keyword ：
information encryption information encryption lanthanide nanoscintillators lanthanide nanoscintillators perovskite nanocrystals perovskite nanocrystals radioluminescence memory radioluminescence memory X-ray imaging X-ray imaging
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| GB/T 7714 | Yang, Zhijian , Zhang, Peng , Chen, Xiaofeng et al. High-Confidentiality X-Ray Imaging Encryption Using Prolonged Imperceptible Radioluminescence Memory Scintillators [J]. | ADVANCED MATERIALS , 2023 , 35 (52) . |
| MLA | Yang, Zhijian et al. "High-Confidentiality X-Ray Imaging Encryption Using Prolonged Imperceptible Radioluminescence Memory Scintillators" . | ADVANCED MATERIALS 35 . 52 (2023) . |
| APA | Yang, Zhijian , Zhang, Peng , Chen, Xiaofeng , Hong, Zhongzhu , Gong, Jianwei , Ou, Xiangyu et al. High-Confidentiality X-Ray Imaging Encryption Using Prolonged Imperceptible Radioluminescence Memory Scintillators . | ADVANCED MATERIALS , 2023 , 35 (52) . |
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Colloidal nanocrystal scintillators hold great potential in fabricating large-area, flexible X-ray detectors for highresolution X-ray imaging of highly curved, irregularly shaped objects. The synthesis of high-efficiency, highstability nanoscintillators is of great importance for the development of X-ray imaging detectors. In this study, we develop a class of cerium (Ce3+)-sensitized core-shell nanoscintillators that are suitable for achieving flexible Xray luminescence imaging. We demonstrate that an epitaxial growth of NaGdF4:Ce(60%) on the surface of NaGdF4:Eu(15%) nanoscintillators as a sensitization layer allows for enhancing X-ray-induced radioluminescence. We reveal that the enhancement of X-ray luminescence in nanoscintillators could be attributed to the synergistic effect of high-Z composition-induced X-ray absorption, Ce3+ sensitization, and surface passivation to relieve energy quenching. By incorporating the nanoscintillators into a flexible elastomer of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), we demonstrate its utility in high-resolution flexible X-ray luminescence imaging.
Keyword ：
Energy transfer Energy transfer Flexible Flexible Nanoscintillator Nanoscintillator Radioluminescence Radioluminescence X-ray imaging X-ray imaging
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| GB/T 7714 | Chen, Xiaofeng , Li, Xiaokun , Chen, Xiaoling et al. Flexible X-ray luminescence imaging enabled by cerium-sensitized nanoscintillators [J]. | JOURNAL OF LUMINESCENCE , 2022 , 242 . |
| MLA | Chen, Xiaofeng et al. "Flexible X-ray luminescence imaging enabled by cerium-sensitized nanoscintillators" . | JOURNAL OF LUMINESCENCE 242 (2022) . |
| APA | Chen, Xiaofeng , Li, Xiaokun , Chen, Xiaoling , Yang, Zhijian , Ou, Xiangyu , Hong, Zhongzhu et al. Flexible X-ray luminescence imaging enabled by cerium-sensitized nanoscintillators . | JOURNAL OF LUMINESCENCE , 2022 , 242 . |
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Abstract ：
Current X-ray imaging technologies involving flat-panel detectors have difficulty in imaging three-dimensional objects because fabrication of large-area, flexible, silicon-based photodetectors on highly curved surfaces remains a challenge(1-3). Here we demonstrate ultralong-lived X-ray trapping for flat-panel-free, high-resolution, three-dimensional imaging using a series of solution-processable, lanthanide-doped nanoscintillators. Corroborated by quantum mechanical simulations of defect formation and electronic structures, our experimental characterizations reveal that slow hopping of trapped electrons due to radiation-triggered anionic migration in host lattices can induce more than 30 days of persistent radioluminescence. We further demonstrate X-ray luminescence extension imaging with resolution greater than 20 line pairs per millimetre and optical memory longer than 15 days. These findings provide insight into mechanisms underlying X-ray energy conversion through enduring electron trapping and offer a paradigm to motivate future research in wearable X-ray detectors for patient-centred radiography and mammography, imaging-guided therapeutics, high-energy physics and deep learning in radiology. Using lanthanide-doped nanomaterials and flexible substrates, an approach that enables flat-panel-free, high-resolution, three-dimensional imaging is demonstrated and termed X-ray luminescence extension imaging.
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| GB/T 7714 | Ou, Xiangyu , Qin, Xian , Huang, Bolong et al. High-resolution X-ray luminescence extension imaging [J]. | NATURE , 2021 , 590 (7846) . |
| MLA | Ou, Xiangyu et al. "High-resolution X-ray luminescence extension imaging" . | NATURE 590 . 7846 (2021) . |
| APA | Ou, Xiangyu , Qin, Xian , Huang, Bolong , Zan, Jie , Wu, Qinxia , Hong, Zhongzhu et al. High-resolution X-ray luminescence extension imaging . | NATURE , 2021 , 590 (7846) . |
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Detection of haloalkanes is of great industrial and scientific importance because some haloalkanes are found serious biological and atmospheric issues. The development of a flexible, wearable sensing device for haloalkane assays is highly desired. Here, we develop a paper-based microfluidic sensor to achieve low-cost, high-throughput, and convenient detection of haloalkanes using perovskite nanocrystals as a nanoprobe through anion exchanging. We demonstrate that the CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, or I) nanocrystals are selectively and sensitively in response to haloalkanes (CH2Cl2, CH2Br2), and their concentrations can be determined as a function of photoluminescence spectral shifts of perovskite nanocrystals. In particular, an addition of nucleophilic trialkyl phosphines (TOP) or a UV-photon-induced electron transfer from CsPbX3 nanocrystals is responsible for achieving fast sensing of haloalkanes. We further fabricate a paper-based multichannel microfluidic sensor to implement fast colorimetric assays of CH2Cl2 and CH2Br2. We also demonstrate a direct experimental observation on chemical kinetics of anion exchanging in lead-halide perovskite nanocrystals using a slow solvent diffusion strategy. Our studies may offer an opportunity to develop flexible, wearable microfluidic sensors for haloalkane sensing, and advance the in-depth fundamental understanding of the physical origin of anion-exchanged nanocrystals.
Keyword ：
anion exchange anion exchange colorimetric colorimetric haloalkanes haloalkanes microfluidic microfluidic perovskite perovskite
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| GB/T 7714 | Xie, Lili , Zan, Jie , Yang, Zhijian et al. A Perovskite-Based Paper Microfluidic Sensor for Haloalkane Assays [J]. | FRONTIERS IN CHEMISTRY , 2021 , 9 . |
| MLA | Xie, Lili et al. "A Perovskite-Based Paper Microfluidic Sensor for Haloalkane Assays" . | FRONTIERS IN CHEMISTRY 9 (2021) . |
| APA | Xie, Lili , Zan, Jie , Yang, Zhijian , Wu, Qinxia , Chen, Xiaofeng , Ou, Xiangyu et al. A Perovskite-Based Paper Microfluidic Sensor for Haloalkane Assays . | FRONTIERS IN CHEMISTRY , 2021 , 9 . |
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Solution-processed metal-halide perovskites hold great promise in developing next-generation low-cost, high-performance photodetectors. However, the weak absorption of perovskites beyond the near-infrared spectral region posts a stringent limitation on their use for broadband photodetectors. Here, the rational design and synthesis of an upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs)-perovskite nanotransducer are presented, namely UCNPs@mSiO(2)@MAPbX(3) (X = Cl, Br, or I), for broadband photon detection spanning from X-rays, UV, to NIR. It is demonstrated that, by in situ crystallization and deliberately tuning the material composition in the lanthanide core and perovskites, the nanotransducers allow for a high stability and show a wide linear response to X-rays of various dose rates, as well as UV/NIR photons of various power densities. The findings provide an opportunity to explore the next-generation broadband photodetectors in the field of high-quality imaging and optoelectronic devices.
Keyword ：
lanthanide lanthanide perovskites perovskites photodetectors photodetectors ray scintillation ray scintillation upconversion upconversion X‐ X‐
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| GB/T 7714 | Xie, Lili , Hong, Zhongzhu , Zan, Jie et al. Broadband Detection of X-ray, Ultraviolet, and Near-Infrared Photons using Solution-Processed Perovskite-Lanthanide Nanotransducers [J]. | ADVANCED MATERIALS , 2021 , 33 (25) . |
| MLA | Xie, Lili et al. "Broadband Detection of X-ray, Ultraviolet, and Near-Infrared Photons using Solution-Processed Perovskite-Lanthanide Nanotransducers" . | ADVANCED MATERIALS 33 . 25 (2021) . |
| APA | Xie, Lili , Hong, Zhongzhu , Zan, Jie , Wu, Qinxia , Yang, Zhijian , Chen, Xiaofeng et al. Broadband Detection of X-ray, Ultraviolet, and Near-Infrared Photons using Solution-Processed Perovskite-Lanthanide Nanotransducers . | ADVANCED MATERIALS , 2021 , 33 (25) . |
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