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Abstract ：
The moisture content and damage conditions significantly influenced the mechanical properties of hard rock, which are closely associated with rockburst tendency. However, there was limited prior knowledge of this issue due to the scarcity of physical experiments. In this study, a true triaxial experiment with a free face was conducted on granite specimens to investigate the influence of the initial damage and moisture content on rockburst control, utilizing AE monitoring, rock NMR imaging, and photography techniques. Experimental results showed that with the increase of the initial damage factor k and moisture content ω, the rock strength and AE activity decreased. The static crack extension concentrated around the initial damage zone, and the dynamic ejection decreased, leading to an increase in the fracture surface fracture index. When k and ω increased to a certain extent, the tensile mechanism was significantly reduced, and then the rockburst was efficiently prevented. The failure mechanism lay the initial damage zone weakened the strength of the granite matrix, inducing the FPZ nucleation and crack extension. Furthermore, the rockburst envelope of the granite was altered, with the reduced envelope area indicating a decrease in stored energy, resulting in the granite having insufficient energy to trigger a rockburst upon failure. In addition, due to the 'water wedge' effect, the moisture content further enhanced the weakening effect of the initial damage factor on rockburst tendency. © 2025
Keyword ：
Brittle fracture Brittle fracture Cracks Cracks Ductile fracture Ductile fracture Fracture mechanics Fracture mechanics Moisture control Moisture control Tensile strength Tensile strength Triangulation Triangulation
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| GB/T 7714 | Li, Bing-Lei , Jiang, Jia-Yao , Zhang, Jian-Zhi et al. Influences of initial damage on the saturated granite failure characteristics under true triaxial stress with a free face: Insights into the rockburst prevention and control [J]. | Engineering Fracture Mechanics , 2025 , 324 . |
| MLA | Li, Bing-Lei et al. "Influences of initial damage on the saturated granite failure characteristics under true triaxial stress with a free face: Insights into the rockburst prevention and control" . | Engineering Fracture Mechanics 324 (2025) . |
| APA | Li, Bing-Lei , Jiang, Jia-Yao , Zhang, Jian-Zhi , Zheng, Lu , Long, Yi . Influences of initial damage on the saturated granite failure characteristics under true triaxial stress with a free face: Insights into the rockburst prevention and control . | Engineering Fracture Mechanics , 2025 , 324 . |
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Abstract ：
The strainburst observed in laboratory model test, where a cubic rock sample with an opening is compressed until a strainburst is induced, is generally triggered by the loading stress. In contrast, in real-world engineering contexts, such strainbursts are triggered by tunnel excavation, which corresponds to the effect of unloading stress. This paper aims to study the similar and different strainburst mechanisms triggered by loading and unloading effects. Firstly, the PD method incorporating the in-situ stress into the its constitutive relationship is proposed for computational efficiency. Secondly, the PD strainburst model, which can distinguish the crack propagation from strainburst, is proposed by introducing the energy-based strain strainburst criterion. Thirdly, the proposed model is verified by simulation of tunnel excavation process and mine-by experimental tunnels. Finally, the comprehensive analysis of influence of loading and unloading on the strainburst mechanisms are conducted. The results demonstrate that the variation of energy over time for loading and unloading cases are significantly different and the trend in the intensity of strainbursts around the chamber can be referenced from the results of the laboratory model test. © 2025
Keyword ：
Trenching Trenching Tunneling (excavation) Tunneling (excavation)
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| GB/T 7714 | Jian-Zhi, Zhang , Ting, Zhang , Xin-Min, Wang . A peridynamic strainburst model for evaluating the strainburst and its dependency on the loading and unloading [J]. | Engineering Fracture Mechanics , 2025 , 324 . |
| MLA | Jian-Zhi, Zhang et al. "A peridynamic strainburst model for evaluating the strainburst and its dependency on the loading and unloading" . | Engineering Fracture Mechanics 324 (2025) . |
| APA | Jian-Zhi, Zhang , Ting, Zhang , Xin-Min, Wang . A peridynamic strainburst model for evaluating the strainburst and its dependency on the loading and unloading . | Engineering Fracture Mechanics , 2025 , 324 . |
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Abstract ：
In underground engineering, faults significantly influence the excavation stability, yet the interactive effects of fault structure and stress state on rockburst and failure mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study constructs sandstone specimens with prefabricated straight, serrated, and wavy faults, aiming to clarify how these structures govern surrounding rock mechanics under biaxial and true triaxial compression. By employing synchronized acoustic emission (AE) and digital image correlation (DIC) monitoring, the study characterizes damage evolutions and energy dissipation processes. It is revealed that fault structure and stress state synergistically dictate failure behaviors; concretely, under biaxial stress, straight faults mitigate rockburst by inhibiting the coalescence of opening-orientated tensile cracks, whereas serrated/wavy faults induce complex crack networks that facilitate gradual energy dissipation, reducing abrupt strain release. In contrast, true triaxial compression enhances shear failure mechanism, intensifying rockburst severity and shifting failure from unilateral particle ejection (biaxial) to bilateral, high-frequency debris ejection associated with extensive local instability zones formed by crack coalescence. Acousto-optical data further show that biaxial compression generates tensile-dominated failure, while true triaxial compression shifts the RA-AF distribution towards higher RA values, signaling a transition to shear-enhanced mechanisms. These results highlight the critical roles of fault-stress interactions in controlling energy dissipation and crack development, providing important insights into fault-related instability mechanisms around the excavations under high in-situ stresses. © 2025
Keyword ：
Brittle fracture Brittle fracture Cracks Cracks Ductile fracture Ductile fracture Fracture mechanics Fracture mechanics Image correlation Image correlation Insertion losses Insertion losses Stress analysis Stress analysis Trenching Trenching
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| GB/T 7714 | Zhou, Yi-Jie , Chen, Jia-Yue , Zhang, Ting et al. Highly-stressed excavation instability nearby the fault: An experimental study [J]. | Engineering Fracture Mechanics , 2025 , 324 . |
| MLA | Zhou, Yi-Jie et al. "Highly-stressed excavation instability nearby the fault: An experimental study" . | Engineering Fracture Mechanics 324 (2025) . |
| APA | Zhou, Yi-Jie , Chen, Jia-Yue , Zhang, Ting , Cao, Guan-Sen , Wen, Wen-Fu , Wu, Xue-Zhen et al. Highly-stressed excavation instability nearby the fault: An experimental study . | Engineering Fracture Mechanics , 2025 , 324 . |
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The failure characteristics of layered rocks are a vital issue for stability evaluations of underground engineering projects. Layered rocks in a restricted true three-dimensional (3D) stress state behave substantially differently from those under uniaxial or conventional triaxial stress. In this study, true triaxial experiments are carried out to investigate the mechanical and volumetric fracturing behaviors of layered composite sandstones (LCSs) with a change in grain size (Cgrain size) between the layers. Under true triaxial stress, the strengths of LCSs increase considerably as the Cgrain size value increases, which is first reported. The strength enhancements of LCSs with increased sigma 2 (intermediate principal stress) and Cgrain size values are related to the enhanced grain interlocking effect and the interface effect between the layers. As sigma 2 increases, the volumetric fracturing behaviors of LCSs change from 3D failure toquasi-3D failure characterized by delamination fracture. The effects of sigma 2 on fracture are revealed by quantifying the cracking morphologies on the layer interface. Aided by the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique, the correlations of rock porosity with the sigma 2 and Cgrain size values are established. This paper promotes the understanding of the failure mechanisms of LCSs with a contrast in grain size under true triaxial stress and helps interpret field observations. True triaxial compression experiments are performed to investigate the mechanical and volumetric fracturing behaviors of layered composite sandstones (LCSs).The effects of the contrast in grain size (grain size) between the layers and intermediate principal stress (2) on the rock behaviors are investigated.The correlations of rock porosity with grain size and2 are revealed with the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique.It is first reported that the strength of LCSs under true triaxial stress increases considerably as the grain size value increases.The volumetric fracturing behaviors of LCSs change from 3D failure to quasi-3D failure characterized by the delamination fracture as 2 increases.
Keyword ：
Failure characteristics Failure characteristics Grain size Grain size Intermediate principal stress Intermediate principal stress Layered rocks Layered rocks Nuclear magnetic resonance Nuclear magnetic resonance True triaxial compression True triaxial compression
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| GB/T 7714 | Zhang, Jian-Zhi , Gu, Tian-Tian , Wang, Xia et al. Mechanical and Volumetric Fracturing Behaviors of Layered Composite Sandstones with a Contrast in Grain Size Under True Triaxial Stresses [J]. | ROCK MECHANICS AND ROCK ENGINEERING , 2024 , 57 (5) : 4089-4105 . |
| MLA | Zhang, Jian-Zhi et al. "Mechanical and Volumetric Fracturing Behaviors of Layered Composite Sandstones with a Contrast in Grain Size Under True Triaxial Stresses" . | ROCK MECHANICS AND ROCK ENGINEERING 57 . 5 (2024) : 4089-4105 . |
| APA | Zhang, Jian-Zhi , Gu, Tian-Tian , Wang, Xia , Zhang, Ting , Zhang, Zhao-Peng . Mechanical and Volumetric Fracturing Behaviors of Layered Composite Sandstones with a Contrast in Grain Size Under True Triaxial Stresses . | ROCK MECHANICS AND ROCK ENGINEERING , 2024 , 57 (5) , 4089-4105 . |
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Abstract ：
Granular fracture holds significant implications in material mechanics. However, the previous studies in ordinary state-based peridynamic (OSB-PD) framework often neglect the internal crystalline structure of particles or only consider limited crystal orientation. To address this gap, a novel OSB-PD model for granular fracture within polycrystalline materials is proposed, in which the periodic functions are incorporated in the PD strain energy density, taking into account the inherent random orientation in cubic crystals. By comparing energy density from PD and the classical continuum mechanics, four PD material parameters are defined. Moreover, the corresponding surface correction method in the global coordinate system is also proposed. Several numerical examples including fracture analysis of polycrystalline materials are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The proposed ordinary state-based peridynamic model offers a fresh perspective for investigating granular fracture behaviors within polycrystalline materials.
Keyword ：
Cubic crystals Cubic crystals Grain orientation Grain orientation Granular fracture Granular fracture Peridynamics Peridynamics Polycrystalline materials Polycrystalline materials
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| GB/T 7714 | Zhang, Ting , Gu, Tiantian , Jiang, Jin et al. An ordinary state-based peridynamic model for granular fracture in polycrystalline materials with arbitrary orientations in cubic crystals [J]. | ENGINEERING FRACTURE MECHANICS , 2024 , 301 . |
| MLA | Zhang, Ting et al. "An ordinary state-based peridynamic model for granular fracture in polycrystalline materials with arbitrary orientations in cubic crystals" . | ENGINEERING FRACTURE MECHANICS 301 (2024) . |
| APA | Zhang, Ting , Gu, Tiantian , Jiang, Jin , Zhang, Jianzhi , Zhou, Xiaoping . An ordinary state-based peridynamic model for granular fracture in polycrystalline materials with arbitrary orientations in cubic crystals . | ENGINEERING FRACTURE MECHANICS , 2024 , 301 . |
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The mechanical behaviors of deep rocks have always posed a challenge for the implementation and safe operation of major underground engineering projects. To this end, this study modified the existing mainstream rock mechanics instruments equipped with a dynamic disturbance loading system and developed a second-generation TFD-2000/D triaxial instrument. The first-generation device is equipped with an independent disturbance system and an advanced EDC-580 all-digital servo controller, which can apply disturbing load independently, implement the function of cyclic disturbance, and combine dynamic and static disturbances. The instrument was found to be reliable for use in analyzing the damage process of rocks in the disturbance test of marbles. The second-generation instrument tackles three limitations of the first-generation instrument: (i) it upgrades the strain measurement system and uses extensometers with linear variable differential transformers to accurately measure deformation; (ii) it uses the self-balanced chamber to replace the Hoek–Franklin triaxial cell and auto-balancing triaxial pressure chamber; and (iii) the loading rod is independently equipped with an EDC-580 all-digital servo controller, which measures precise loads. The experimental findings confirmed that the second-generation instrument can be used for rock mechanics testing under cyclic disturbance loading, the disturbance–stress relaxation cycle, and the creep–fatigue cycle. In this sense, the second-generation instrument can be a useful addition to deep rock mechanical instruments and provide a valuable reference. © 2023 The Authors. Deep Underground Science and Engineering published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of China University of Mining and Technology.
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| GB/T 7714 | Luo, Jinzhi , Cai, Yanyan , Yu, Jin et al. Development and applications of the quasi-dynamic triaxial apparatus for deep rocks [J]. | Deep Underground Science and Engineering , 2024 , 3 (1) : 70-90 . |
| MLA | Luo, Jinzhi et al. "Development and applications of the quasi-dynamic triaxial apparatus for deep rocks" . | Deep Underground Science and Engineering 3 . 1 (2024) : 70-90 . |
| APA | Luo, Jinzhi , Cai, Yanyan , Yu, Jin , Zhang, Jianzhi , Zhu, Yaoliang , Wei, Yao . Development and applications of the quasi-dynamic triaxial apparatus for deep rocks . | Deep Underground Science and Engineering , 2024 , 3 (1) , 70-90 . |
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The flaw tips in brittle rocks are often the sources of crack initiation and growth due to the stress concentration, which commonly governs the rock strength. However, a unified framework identifying the compression-induced crack types, ultimate failure patterns and the cracking levels of brittle flawed rocks under different mechanical confinements is not yet available. This study conducts the laboratory compression experiments with the AE monitoring to explore the failure characteristics of flawed limestone and its confinement-dependency. Four new crack types including loop crack, secondary transverse crack, near-field transverse crack and far-field transverse crack are found experimentally, and then a modified crack type classification strategy is proposed. Four failure patterns including the sigma(1)-axisymmetric flaw-disturbed spalling for uniaxial compression, the sigma(3)-transverse-symmetric flaw-disturbed spalling for biaxial compression, the sigma(1) -axisymmetric flaw-disturbed shearing for conventional triaxial compression, and the mixed sigma(3)-transverse-symmetric flaw-disturbed shearing and sigma(2)-transverse-symmetric flaw-disturbed spalling for true triaxial compression, are documented for the first time. Moreover, an acousto-mechanics-based classification methodology of rock cracking levels is established, as well as an AF (average frequency)-RA (rising angle)-based Kernel density estimation method for interpreting the rock cracking nature and the strength mechanism. This paper gets insights into the mechanical confinement-dependency of the rock failure characteristics incorporating the pre-existing flaws and help interpret the field observations.
Keyword ：
Brittle rock failure Brittle rock failure Confinement-dependency Confinement-dependency Cracking level Cracking level Crack type classification Crack type classification Failure pattern Failure pattern
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| GB/T 7714 | Zhang, Jian-Zhi , Wang, Hai-Tao , Yu, Jin et al. Compression-induced failure characteristics of brittle flawed rocks: Mechanical confinement-dependency [J]. | THEORETICAL AND APPLIED FRACTURE MECHANICS , 2024 , 134 . |
| MLA | Zhang, Jian-Zhi et al. "Compression-induced failure characteristics of brittle flawed rocks: Mechanical confinement-dependency" . | THEORETICAL AND APPLIED FRACTURE MECHANICS 134 (2024) . |
| APA | Zhang, Jian-Zhi , Wang, Hai-Tao , Yu, Jin , Cai, Wu-Qiang , Zhang, Ting . Compression-induced failure characteristics of brittle flawed rocks: Mechanical confinement-dependency . | THEORETICAL AND APPLIED FRACTURE MECHANICS , 2024 , 134 . |
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Unveiling the mechanical and failure characteristics of flawed granite subjected to high-temperature (HT) cycles is essential for assessing the stability of underground engineering. There is limited advanced knowledge of the rock performance under HT cycles even today. To that end, biaxial compression experiments with the simultaneous acoustic emission (AE)-digital image correlation (DIC) monitoring are conducted on flawed granite containing the flaw pairs, with the emphasis on the influences of HT cycles on the mechanical and failure characteristics of flawed granite. Experimental results suggest that the rock strength is increased at 400 degrees C, regardless of the cycle number, while it is weakened at 600 degrees C, especially under the thermal cycles. By the coupling analysis of acoustic-optical-mechanical data, the levels of cracking in flawed granite are revealed as the process zone nucleation and quasi-static growth, along with the macrocrack initiation, propagation, and coalescence until the eventual failure, dictated by the stress shielding effect and stress amplification effect. The splitting crack, hook crack, and far-field network crack are reported for the first time. Moreover, the flawed granite at different temperatures transitions from tensile-dominated cracks to mixed tensile-shear (T-S) cracks. Besides, thermal cycling causes rock fatigue damage, and the alternating thermal stress generated by HT cycling promotes the initiation and propagation of microcracks, leading to the development and further intensification of thermally induced fracture.
Keyword ：
Biaxial compression Biaxial compression Crack propagation Crack propagation Flawed granite Flawed granite High-temperature cycle High-temperature cycle Mechanical properties Mechanical properties
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| GB/T 7714 | Li, Bing-Lei , Sun, Tian , Zhang, Jian-Zhi et al. Mechanical and failure characteristics of flawed granite after high-temperature cycling: An experimental study using biaxial compression [J]. | THEORETICAL AND APPLIED FRACTURE MECHANICS , 2024 , 133 . |
| MLA | Li, Bing-Lei et al. "Mechanical and failure characteristics of flawed granite after high-temperature cycling: An experimental study using biaxial compression" . | THEORETICAL AND APPLIED FRACTURE MECHANICS 133 (2024) . |
| APA | Li, Bing-Lei , Sun, Tian , Zhang, Jian-Zhi , Liu, Qian-Yu , Long, Yi . Mechanical and failure characteristics of flawed granite after high-temperature cycling: An experimental study using biaxial compression . | THEORETICAL AND APPLIED FRACTURE MECHANICS , 2024 , 133 . |
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The slit-cut method for the rockburst prevention and control is believed effective with its easiness in operation, adjustment and compatibility. However, there is limited advance knowledge of the physics of the slit-cut method, which is vital for the engineering designs. In this study, the biaxial compression tests with a synchronous AE (acoustic emission)-DIC (digital image correlation) monitoring are creatively carried out on the slit-contained circular opening specimens with different slit configurations to demonstrate the academic thoughts and mechanisms of the slit-cut method. The experiments document the two typical failure types namely the internal crack propagation and the dynamic rockburst, which occupy different AE hit rate characteristics and different entropy properties. With the occurrence of rockburst, the AE hit rate presents a bouncing ascend-descend trend, and a higher disorder and chaos is faithfully exhibited. Depending on the slit parameters, the slit-cut method can efficiently mitigate rockburst in terms of the occurrence frequency and magnitude. The underlying mechanism lies in the enhancement of the shear mechanism and the development of the internal cracks through which the stored energy can be greatly dissipated. However, due to the unrestricted shear failure in the slit-contained opening specimens, the opening-scale inward instability can be triggered by the internal crack coalescence, thus posing a threat to the safety of the opening. Implementing the slit-cut method with a consideration of the insitu stress conditions is evidently essential for the safe excavation.
Keyword ：
Biaxial compression tests Biaxial compression tests Crack propagation Crack propagation Hard rock excavation Hard rock excavation Rockburst Rockburst Slit-cut method Slit-cut method
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| GB/T 7714 | Zhang, Jian-Zhi , Zhou, Yi-Jie , Liu, Cheng-Yu et al. Experimental investigations on the failure characteristics of the slit-contained circular opening under biaxial compression: Insights into the rockburst prevention [J]. | THEORETICAL AND APPLIED FRACTURE MECHANICS , 2024 , 134 . |
| MLA | Zhang, Jian-Zhi et al. "Experimental investigations on the failure characteristics of the slit-contained circular opening under biaxial compression: Insights into the rockburst prevention" . | THEORETICAL AND APPLIED FRACTURE MECHANICS 134 (2024) . |
| APA | Zhang, Jian-Zhi , Zhou, Yi-Jie , Liu, Cheng-Yu , Yu, Jin , Li, Xing-Shang , Zhang, Ting . Experimental investigations on the failure characteristics of the slit-contained circular opening under biaxial compression: Insights into the rockburst prevention . | THEORETICAL AND APPLIED FRACTURE MECHANICS , 2024 , 134 . |
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Understanding the mechanical and deformation failure behaviors of heated flawed granite under true triaxial stresses is of great significance for evaluating the wellbore stability in developing hot dry rock resources. In this study, true triaxial experiments are conducted on flawed granite specimens of a varying flaw overlapping length lfo with and without high temperature (HT) treatment, with the emphases on the crack development under true triaxial stresses and its correlations with the strength, plastic anisotropy and failure forecast. Investigations demonstrate that HT, sigma 2 (intermediate principal stress) and lfo, significantly affect the mechanical properties of flawed granite. Due to strong 3D confinement, the loop crack, the secondary transverse crack and the far-field crack are frequently induced in flawed granite, unlike experiments of uniaxial, biaxial and conventional triaxial compression. When increasing lfo, the rock bridge undergoes the stress amplification which tendentiously drives the internal crack coalescence and typically causes a reduced strength. The PSIRs (Plastic Strain Increments Ratios) analysis, first extended to the true-triaxial experimental data, reveals that the 3D stress-induced extensional/shear fracturing from the flaw tips in sigma 2-direction is the mechanism of the plastic anisotropy generated. Besides, an attempt to anticipate the failure time in the framework of the time-reversed Omori's law suggests a poor predictability by using the acoustic emission but a higher-quality forecast (being more precise and less biased) by using the dissipated energy.
Keyword ：
Failure forecast Failure forecast High-temperature treatment High-temperature treatment Intermediate principal stress Intermediate principal stress Plastic anisotropy Plastic anisotropy True triaxial experiment True triaxial experiment
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| GB/T 7714 | Zhang, Jian-Zhi , Long, Yun-Ding , Zhang, Ting et al. A true triaxial experiment investigation of the mechanical and deformation failure behaviors of flawed granite after exposure to high-temperature treatment [J]. | ENGINEERING FRACTURE MECHANICS , 2024 , 306 . |
| MLA | Zhang, Jian-Zhi et al. "A true triaxial experiment investigation of the mechanical and deformation failure behaviors of flawed granite after exposure to high-temperature treatment" . | ENGINEERING FRACTURE MECHANICS 306 (2024) . |
| APA | Zhang, Jian-Zhi , Long, Yun-Ding , Zhang, Ting , Zhou, Xiao-Ping . A true triaxial experiment investigation of the mechanical and deformation failure behaviors of flawed granite after exposure to high-temperature treatment . | ENGINEERING FRACTURE MECHANICS , 2024 , 306 . |
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