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学者姓名：张凯建
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Abstract ：
Based on the cradle-to-grave theory, this study evaluates the carbon emissions of seawater sea-sand recycled aggregate concrete (SSRAC). The results show a significant negative correlation between the water-to-cement ratio and carbon emissions. At a 100% replacement ratio, the carbon emissions of SSRAC show a reduction of 15.9% compared to seawater sea-sand concrete, which due to the carbonation process of RCA. And its carbon emissions account for 83.1% of those of natural aggregate concrete and 99.4% of those of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). The reduction in carbon emissions of SSRAC is attributed to the substitution effect of RCA and the shorter transportation distance of raw materials, which results in a compensatory effect on carbon emissions. When the transportation distance is 20 km for coarse aggregate and 300 km for fine aggregate, the emissions of RAC exceed SSRAC by 876.9%, which demonstrates SSRAC's superior environmental performance in long-distance transportation scenarios.
Keyword ：
carbon emissions carbon emissions concrete carbonation concrete carbonation life cycle assessment (LCA) life cycle assessment (LCA) recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) Seawater sea-sand recycled aggregate concrete (SSRAC) Seawater sea-sand recycled aggregate concrete (SSRAC)
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| GB/T 7714 | Zhang, Kaijian , Ma, Zhongcheng , Zhang, Qingtian . Carbon emission evaluation of seawater sea-sand recycled aggregate concrete based on cradle-to-grave theory [J]. | JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE CEMENT-BASED MATERIALS , 2025 . |
| MLA | Zhang, Kaijian 等. "Carbon emission evaluation of seawater sea-sand recycled aggregate concrete based on cradle-to-grave theory" . | JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE CEMENT-BASED MATERIALS (2025) . |
| APA | Zhang, Kaijian , Ma, Zhongcheng , Zhang, Qingtian . Carbon emission evaluation of seawater sea-sand recycled aggregate concrete based on cradle-to-grave theory . | JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE CEMENT-BASED MATERIALS , 2025 . |
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The layer-by-layer stacking process of 3D Printing Construction Technology (3DPCT) inevitably leads to weak bonding areas between the interlayer interfaces and the interstrip interfaces, which affect the mechanical properties of the printed structure. The effects of different carbonation time of recycled sand on the mechanical properties and interfacial bonding performance of 3D printed cement-based material with a 100 % replacement rate of carbonated recycled sand (3DPCRS) were explored. Although, the carbonation time of recycled sand affected the mechanical anisotropy of the printed specimens, the carbonation treatment of recycled sand cannot eliminate the mechanical anisotropy of 3D printed specimens. With the extension of the carbonation time of recycled sand, the interfacial bonding performance was gradually improved. At 28 days, the interlayer shear strength and interstrip shear strength of T7 group increased by 21.5 % and 18.7 %, respectively. After the carbonation of recycled sand, the indentation modulus of the interlayer interface was increased with the decrease of interface width and porosity, which improved the pore structure and the mechanical properties of the printed specimens.
Keyword ：
3D Printing Construction Technology 3D Printing Construction Technology Carbonation time Carbonation time Interfacial bonding performance Interfacial bonding performance Microstructural properties Microstructural properties Recycled sand Recycled sand
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| GB/T 7714 | Luo, Surong , Li, Wenqiang , Cai, Yili et al. Effects of carbonated recycled sand on the interfacial bonding performance of 3D printed cement-based material [J]. | JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING , 2025 , 99 . |
| MLA | Luo, Surong et al. "Effects of carbonated recycled sand on the interfacial bonding performance of 3D printed cement-based material" . | JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING 99 (2025) . |
| APA | Luo, Surong , Li, Wenqiang , Cai, Yili , Zhang, Kaijian . Effects of carbonated recycled sand on the interfacial bonding performance of 3D printed cement-based material . | JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING , 2025 , 99 . |
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Carbonation has long been considered harmful to the durability of steel reinforced concrete structures especially with the increasing CO2 and temperature globally. In coastal construction, the chloride ions even make it worse. By replacing the steel with chloride-insensitive reinforcement such as fiber reinforced polymer (FRP), sea sand is a potential alternative to river sand, even carbonation could be utilized due to the acid resistance of FRP. In this paper, seawater sea-sand recycled aggregate concrete (SSRAC) was prepared, which had different hydration and carbonation from ordinary concrete (OC). The test results showed that the carbonation depth at 28 days of SSRAC increased up to 179.13% of OC. A modified carbonation model based on pore evolution was established. On the other hand, the increasement of carbonatable material in SSRAC was up to 14.32%. Combined with this characteristic, the carbon emission and absorption assessment were carried out. It is found that the CO2 absorption of SSRAC can be up to 325% of OC in 10 years' service, and the total carbon emission including carbon sequestration over the whole life of SSRAC with a salinity of 4% is 45.73% of OC. This research verifies that it is expected to achieve more CO2 sequestration rapidly in SSRAC, which could probably help design low-carbon concrete structures.
Keyword ：
Carbonation model Carbonation model Carbon emission analysis Carbon emission analysis Carbon sequestration Carbon sequestration Pore evolution Pore evolution Seawater sea-sand recycled aggregate concrete Seawater sea-sand recycled aggregate concrete
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| GB/T 7714 | Hu, Xiaolong , Xiao, Jianzhuang , Zhang, Kaijian et al. Efficient carbon sequestration of seawater sea-sand recycled aggregate concrete: an experimental study [J]. | MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES , 2025 , 58 (4) . |
| MLA | Hu, Xiaolong et al. "Efficient carbon sequestration of seawater sea-sand recycled aggregate concrete: an experimental study" . | MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES 58 . 4 (2025) . |
| APA | Hu, Xiaolong , Xiao, Jianzhuang , Zhang, Kaijian , Ding, Tao . Efficient carbon sequestration of seawater sea-sand recycled aggregate concrete: an experimental study . | MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES , 2025 , 58 (4) . |
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In this paper, the effects of river sand, sea-sand, recycled sand, and shell sand on the carbonation performance of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) were studied. The results showed that the carbonation depth of RAC prepared from sea-sand was 89.8-96.8 %, 83.8-93.4 %, and 70.5-84.8 % of that prepared from recycled sand, shell sand, and river sand, respectively. The compressive strength of RAC made from sea-sand was the highest, followed by RAC made from river sand, shell sand, and recycled sand. The chloride ions in the sea-sand promoted the formation of Friedel's salt and C-S-H with a high Ca/Si ratio, increasing the density of the concrete, thereby blocking the CO2 diffusion channel and reducing the carbonation rate. On the other hand, the weak strength and bond of shell sand, and the weak interfacial transition zone of recycled sand resulted in weak concrete microstructure. In this paper, after 90 days of carbonation, the increment of CaCO3 for preparing RAC from sea-sand was 95.1 %, 67.7 %, and 37.7 % of that of river sand, shell sand, and recycled sand, respectively. The RAC made of shell sand or recycled sand had a porous microstructure, which provided sufficient growth space for CaCO3, and its total porosity was significantly reduced after carbonation. Finally, a prediction model of RAC's carbonation depth was proposed, which was highly consistent with the experimental results. The mean error of the model was close to 1.0 and the COV was 0.169.
Keyword ：
Carbonation depth Carbonation depth Carbonation properties Carbonation properties Fine aggregates Fine aggregates Prediction model Prediction model Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC)
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| GB/T 7714 | Zhang, Kaijian , Wang, Lin , Li, Ziying et al. Effects of different fine aggregates as sand replacements on the carbonation properties of recycled aggregate concrete [J]. | CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS , 2025 , 468 . |
| MLA | Zhang, Kaijian et al. "Effects of different fine aggregates as sand replacements on the carbonation properties of recycled aggregate concrete" . | CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS 468 (2025) . |
| APA | Zhang, Kaijian , Wang, Lin , Li, Ziying , Zhang, Qingtian . Effects of different fine aggregates as sand replacements on the carbonation properties of recycled aggregate concrete . | CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS , 2025 , 468 . |
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This study investigates the printability and mechanical properties of 3D printed recycled sand concrete (3DPRSC) based on different silica fume (SF) contents (5 %, 10 %, 15 %, 20 %), PVA fiber (PVAF) contents (0.5 %, 1 %, 1.5 %), and basalt fiber (BF) contents (0.1 %, 0.3 %, 0.5 %). Further, based on the uniaxial compression test, the uniaxial compression constitutive model for 3DPRSC is proposed, considering the effects of varying SF, PVAF, and BF contents. Finally, the microstructure mechanism is explained through microscopic tests. The results show that adding 1.0 % PVAF and 0.3 % BF significantly enhances compressive and splitting tensile strength of 3DPRSC. With the increase of SF, the characteristic values of 3DPRSC generally increase first and then decrease. The addition of PVAF enhances the peak stress, peak strain, and ultimate strain of 3DPRSC, while BF has a lesser impact on these characteristic values. The fitting results of the proposed uniaxial compression constitutive model align well with the stress-strain curves. After adding fibers, fluctuations in the ascending branch were reduced, and the descending branch became smoother. Microscopic experiments indicate that an appropriate amount of SF can enhance the compressive and splitting tensile strength of 3DPRSC. A suitable content of fiber can form a directional distribution of networks inside 3DPRSC, enhancing its mechanical properties, but excessive fiber content will cause fiber agglomeration and lead to more harmful pores inside 3DPRSC while amplifying mechanical anisotropy. These research results can provide an important theoretical basis for the design of 3DPRSC.
Keyword ：
3D printed recycled sand concrete 3D printed recycled sand concrete Constitutive relationship Constitutive relationship Fibers Fibers Full stress-strain curve Full stress-strain curve Microstructures Microstructures Uniaxial compression Uniaxial compression
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| GB/T 7714 | Luo, Surong , Jin, Wenhao , Zhang, Zhaorui et al. Constitutive relationship of 3D printed fiber reinforced recycled sand concrete under uniaxial compression [J]. | CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS , 2025 , 494 . |
| MLA | Luo, Surong et al. "Constitutive relationship of 3D printed fiber reinforced recycled sand concrete under uniaxial compression" . | CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS 494 (2025) . |
| APA | Luo, Surong , Jin, Wenhao , Zhang, Zhaorui , Zhang, Kaijian . Constitutive relationship of 3D printed fiber reinforced recycled sand concrete under uniaxial compression . | CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS , 2025 , 494 . |
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To solve the problem of the lack of structural design basis of fiber reinforced recycled aggregate concrete (FRAC), and promote its realistic application, in this investigation, the replacement ratio of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA), fiber type, fiber content, and fiber blending forms are taken as experimental variables. With the size of Phi 100 mmx300 mm, 21 groups of cylindrical specimens are designed to study the influence of the above variables on the complete stress-strain curve of fiber RAC when bearing uniaxial tension. The results show that the tensile characteristic values decrease as the replacement ratio of RCA increases. When single doping of fibers was considered, the tensile characteristic values increased as fiber content increased. When the steel (SF) was mixed with polyvinyl alcohol fiber (PVAF) and polypropylene fiber (PPF), the tensile characteristic values were improved. Proper blending of PVAF and PPF can improve the characteristic values of tensile ductility. Through the results of the uniaxial tensile experiment, constitutive equations of the uniaxial tensile stress-strain curve of FRAC under different test variables were established, which can provide fundamental material parameters to design FRAC structures.
Keyword ：
Constitutive relationship Constitutive relationship Fiber Fiber Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) Uniaxial tensile stress-strain curve Uniaxial tensile stress-strain curve
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| GB/T 7714 | Luo, Surong , Zhou, Wentao , Yu, Minming et al. Stress-strain relationship of fiber reinforced recycled aggregate concrete under uniaxial tension [J]. | CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS , 2024 , 422 . |
| MLA | Luo, Surong et al. "Stress-strain relationship of fiber reinforced recycled aggregate concrete under uniaxial tension" . | CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS 422 (2024) . |
| APA | Luo, Surong , Zhou, Wentao , Yu, Minming , Zhang, Kaijian , Zhang, Qingtian . Stress-strain relationship of fiber reinforced recycled aggregate concrete under uniaxial tension . | CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS , 2024 , 422 . |
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This paper presents a review of the research on seawater sea -sand recycled coarse aggregate concrete (SSRAC), which offers a solution to the scarcity of river sand and freshwater while also promoting the reuse of waste concrete. The study reveals that the conventional mix proportion design method underestimates the compressive strength of SSRAC at 28 days. The incorporation of seawater and sea -sand reduces the negative effects of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) on compressive properties, compensating for the decreased mechanical properties of components made with RCA. Additionally, it enhances the bond strength between concrete and epoxy -coated bars while it has a lesser effect on that between concrete and fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bars. Nevertheless, it appears to have adverse effects on workability and tensile properties. The primary factors influencing the stress -strain curves of SSRAC are RCA, shell content, and chloride ion concentration. The effective confinement of FRP and the stiffness of FRP bars are crucial considerations in the design of SSRAC components. Furthermore, the combination of SSRAC with other types of concrete offers an alternative design approach. Finally, this paper identifies research needs for SSRAC, with a focus on durability and time -dependent properties.
Keyword ：
Mechanical properties Mechanical properties Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) Seawater and sea-sand Seawater and sea-sand Stress-strain relationships Stress-strain relationships Structural behaviors Structural behaviors
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| GB/T 7714 | Zhang, Kaijian , Zhang, Qingtian , Lin, Wenqiang et al. Material and structural properties of recycled coarse aggregate concrete made with seawater and sea-sand: A review [J]. | JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING , 2024 , 87 . |
| MLA | Zhang, Kaijian et al. "Material and structural properties of recycled coarse aggregate concrete made with seawater and sea-sand: A review" . | JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING 87 (2024) . |
| APA | Zhang, Kaijian , Zhang, Qingtian , Lin, Wenqiang , Ou, Junrui . Material and structural properties of recycled coarse aggregate concrete made with seawater and sea-sand: A review . | JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING , 2024 , 87 . |
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再生粗骨料混凝土应力-应变关系是实现其材料到结构力学分析的桥梁纽带,成为再生粗骨料混凝土结构基础理论的基石.介绍了作者团队多年来在再生粗骨料混凝土应力-应变关系方面取得的研究进展:采用模型化再生粗骨料方法,研究了复杂界面过渡区对再生粗骨料混凝土破坏行为的影响,揭示了再生粗骨料混凝土细观损伤本质与演化机理;从静力作用到动力作用,系统地开展了不同工况下再生粗骨料混凝土应力-应变行为试验研究,探明了载荷条件对再生粗骨料混凝土应力与变形的影响规律并建立了相适应的力学与数学模型;进一步考虑再生粗骨料性能时空变异性,发现了再生粗骨料混凝土力学响应的概率分布特征,提出了再生粗骨料混凝土随机损伤本构关系;基于获得的本构模型,完成了再生粗骨料混凝土构件时变可靠度分析和结构动力非线性分析,为再生粗骨料混凝土在实际工程中的安全应用提供了理论支撑;提炼了相关研究结论并对未来研究工作进行了展望.
Keyword ：
再生粗骨料混凝土 再生粗骨料混凝土 多工况受力 多工况受力 应力-应变关系 应力-应变关系 时变可靠度 时变可靠度 随机性 随机性 非线性分析 非线性分析
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| GB/T 7714 | 肖建庄 , 唐宇翔 , 张凯建 et al. 再生粗骨料混凝土应力-应变关系 [J]. | 工程力学 , 2024 , 41 (2) : 43-55 . |
| MLA | 肖建庄 et al. "再生粗骨料混凝土应力-应变关系" . | 工程力学 41 . 2 (2024) : 43-55 . |
| APA | 肖建庄 , 唐宇翔 , 张凯建 , 杨海峰 . 再生粗骨料混凝土应力-应变关系 . | 工程力学 , 2024 , 41 (2) , 43-55 . |
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To explore the flexural fatigue performance of steel fibers reinforced recycled aggregate concrete (SF-RAC), the flexural fatigue test and residual strength test with different stress levels were conducted. Besides, the fatigue cracks propagation under cyclic loading were observed and analyzed by digital image correlation (DIC) technology. The results show that the flexural fatigue life of SF-RAC increases when the content of steel fibers increases, and it is proved to be well in accordance with the three-parameter Weibull distribution. The flexural fatigue life equation with different stress level and reliability (S-N-P equation) is obtained based on it, which shows that when the fiber volume content is 1.5%, the fatigue strength of SF-RAC is about 37.2% higher than that of RAC without fibers. Then, a fatigue strain-based damage evolution model is established, and the derived residual strength model can well predict the damage degree and residual life of SF-RAC. Moreover, the steel fibers can improve the critical crack propagation length and loading cycles of RAC. The crack propagation rate can be decreased by 97.63% when the fiber volume content is 1.5%, and it is increased with the development of stress level. Finally, the influence mechanism of steel fibers on flexural fatigue performance of RAC were explained through microstructure tests.
Keyword ：
Crack propagation rate Crack propagation rate Digital image correlation (DIC) Digital image correlation (DIC) Flexural fatigue performance Flexural fatigue performance Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) Steel fibers Steel fibers Three -parameter Weibull distribution Three -parameter Weibull distribution
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| GB/T 7714 | Luo, Surong , Su, Yongqing , Zhang, Qingtian et al. Effects of steel fibers on the flexural fatigue performance of recycled aggregate concrete [J]. | CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS , 2024 , 412 . |
| MLA | Luo, Surong et al. "Effects of steel fibers on the flexural fatigue performance of recycled aggregate concrete" . | CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS 412 (2024) . |
| APA | Luo, Surong , Su, Yongqing , Zhang, Qingtian , Zhang, Kaijian . Effects of steel fibers on the flexural fatigue performance of recycled aggregate concrete . | CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS , 2024 , 412 . |
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In the past 20 years, recycled aggregate concrete (RAC), as a type of low-carbon concrete, has become a worldwide focus of research. However, the design methodology for RAC structural components remains a challenge. Consequently, demands for a unified design of natural aggregate concrete (NAC) and RAC components have been presented. Accordingly, this study analyses the necessity of a unified design theory and provides an in-depth demonstration of the strength determination, compressive constitutive relationship, and design method of concrete components. The coefficient of variation of RAC strength is found to be generally higher than that of NAC strength. The compressive and tensile strengths of RAC can be defined and determined using the same method as that used for NAC. The uniaxial compressive constitutive relationship between NAC and RAC has a unified mathematical expression. However, the elastic modulus of RAC decreases, and its brittleness exhibits an increasing trend compared with that of NAC. Finally, to unify the design formulae of RAC and NAC components for bearing capacity, modification factors for RAC components are proposed considering safety and reliability. Additionally, the feasibility of the proposed unified time-dependent design theory is demonstrated in terms of conceptual design and structural measures considering the effects of strength degradation and reinforcement corrosion. It is believed that this study enriches and develops the basic theory of concrete structures. (c) 2023 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier LTD on behalf of Chinese Academy of Engineering and Higher Education Press Limited Company. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Keyword ：
Constitutive relation Constitutive relation Natural aggregate concrete (NAC) Natural aggregate concrete (NAC) Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) Reliability Reliability Strength determination Strength determination Unified design theory Unified design theory
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| GB/T 7714 | Xiao, Jianzhuang , Zhang, Kaijian , Ding, Tao et al. Fundamental Issues Towards Unified Design Theory of Recycled and Natural Aggregate Concrete Components [J]. | ENGINEERING , 2024 , 29 : 188-197 . |
| MLA | Xiao, Jianzhuang et al. "Fundamental Issues Towards Unified Design Theory of Recycled and Natural Aggregate Concrete Components" . | ENGINEERING 29 (2024) : 188-197 . |
| APA | Xiao, Jianzhuang , Zhang, Kaijian , Ding, Tao , Zhang, Qingtian , Xiao, Xuwen . Fundamental Issues Towards Unified Design Theory of Recycled and Natural Aggregate Concrete Components . | ENGINEERING , 2024 , 29 , 188-197 . |
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