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学者姓名：向红亮
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Abstract ：
Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) of duplex stainless steel is a promising route to fabricate intricate parts with excellent mechanical properties. However, further understanding of build mechanisms is required to improve the process. This paper aims to better understand the influence of hatch distance on the densification behavior and figure out the correlation with microstructure and mechanical properties in LPBF of 2205 stainless steel. With the optimized laser power and scanning speed, the significant influence of hatch distance on the build quality is revealed. A hatch distance of 0.07 mm is selected for an even surface and dense part with a relative density of up to 99.13 %. The hatch distance has a crucial impact on the heat and mass transfer between tracks; hence, poor surface morphologies such as inter-track voids or swelling surfaces occur if an improper hatch distance is adopted. The optimal mechanical properties are also achieved. Specifically, the yield strength (0.2 YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and elongation (EL) values are 896.8 MPa, 1035.13 MPa, and 15.34 %, respectively. The improvement in mechanical properties can be ascribed to the coordination between high dislocation density, fine grain size, high CSL boundaries and LAGBs, and high relative density with few pores. This work can help improve the build quality and expand the application horizon of duplex stainless steel for manufacturing intricate components.
Keyword ：
Duplex stainless steel Duplex stainless steel Laser powder bed fusion Laser powder bed fusion Mechanical properties Mechanical properties Microstructure Microstructure Relative density Relative density Surface morphology Surface morphology
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| GB/T 7714 | Zhao, Wei , Xiang, Hongliang , Wu, Chaochao et al. Tuning hatch distance to optimize microstructure and mechanical properties of 2205 duplex stainless steel produced by laser powder bed fusion [J]. | OPTICS AND LASER TECHNOLOGY , 2024 , 172 . |
| MLA | Zhao, Wei et al. "Tuning hatch distance to optimize microstructure and mechanical properties of 2205 duplex stainless steel produced by laser powder bed fusion" . | OPTICS AND LASER TECHNOLOGY 172 (2024) . |
| APA | Zhao, Wei , Xiang, Hongliang , Wu, Chaochao , Huangfu, Chengyang , Lu, Yanjin . Tuning hatch distance to optimize microstructure and mechanical properties of 2205 duplex stainless steel produced by laser powder bed fusion . | OPTICS AND LASER TECHNOLOGY , 2024 , 172 . |
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MC -type carbide -reinforced metal matrix composites (MMCs) coatings are additively manufactured by plasma transferred arc (PTA) on Q235 steel under different arc currents ranging from 120 A to 160 A. The microstructure, elemental distribution, hardness, and wear resistance of MMCs coatings are studied. The results show that the MMCs coating possesses a high hardness up to 1112.1 HV 1.0 , 30.3 % volume fraction of carbides, and excellent wear resistance when PTA main arc current is 140 A. The mechanical performance improvement is in that the MMCs coatings manufactured at 140 A have the highest density of finer fishbone-shaped carbides and favorable size uniformity, compared with other main arc currents.
Keyword ：
Additive manufacturing Additive manufacturing Coating Coating Metal matrix composite Metal matrix composite Plasma transferred arc Plasma transferred arc Wear Wear
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| GB/T 7714 | Li, Shang , Zhou, Chuhao , Li, Beibei et al. Effect of plasma transferred arc current on the carbide formation and mechanical properties in additively manufactured metal matrix composite coating [J]. | MATERIALS LETTERS , 2024 , 363 . |
| MLA | Li, Shang et al. "Effect of plasma transferred arc current on the carbide formation and mechanical properties in additively manufactured metal matrix composite coating" . | MATERIALS LETTERS 363 (2024) . |
| APA | Li, Shang , Zhou, Chuhao , Li, Beibei , Dong, Xuanpu , Xiang, Hongliang , Qin, Shiying et al. Effect of plasma transferred arc current on the carbide formation and mechanical properties in additively manufactured metal matrix composite coating . | MATERIALS LETTERS , 2024 , 363 . |
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Compared to duplex stainless steels (DSSs) prepared by traditional methods, specimens produced through laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) exhibit excellent yield strength but lower elongation. To improve elongation, understanding microstructure evolution during uniaxial tensile testing is crucial. This study investigates the slip behavior, grain boundary evolution, and phase transformation of LPBF 2205 duplex stainless steel during tensile deformation using in-situ electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Results show the formation of slip bands, which increase in number as loading stress rises. The primary slip systems activated are {110} in ferrite and {111} in austenite. In the ferrite phase, slip dislocations accumulate and generate low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs), which evolve into high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs), refining the grain structure. Numerous Σ3 annealing twins form in the austenite phase, but detwinning and twinning reduce Σ3 content as deformation processes. Ferrite and austenite exhibit good stability during the initial stages of tensile deformation. However, some austenite transforms into martensite through the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect at the final stages of deformation, which helps relieve stress concentration and delays material fracture. This study provides valuable insights for optimizing microstructure to improve the mechanical properties of LPBF materials. © 2024 The Authors
Keyword ：
Austenite Austenite Crystal lattices Crystal lattices Duplex stainless steel Duplex stainless steel Fracture mechanics Fracture mechanics Grain boundaries Grain boundaries Plasticity testing Plasticity testing Steel powder metallurgy Steel powder metallurgy Steel testing Steel testing Tensile strength Tensile strength Tensile testing Tensile testing Transformation Induced Plasticity steel Transformation Induced Plasticity steel Yield stress Yield stress
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| GB/T 7714 | Zhao, Wei , Xiang, Hongliang , Zhan, Xianming et al. Microstructure evolution in laser powder bed fusion melted 2205 duplex stainless steel using in-situ EBSD during uniaxial tensile testing [J]. | Journal of Materials Research and Technology , 2024 , 33 : 2113-2124 . |
| MLA | Zhao, Wei et al. "Microstructure evolution in laser powder bed fusion melted 2205 duplex stainless steel using in-situ EBSD during uniaxial tensile testing" . | Journal of Materials Research and Technology 33 (2024) : 2113-2124 . |
| APA | Zhao, Wei , Xiang, Hongliang , Zhan, Xianming , Deng, Tingting , Zhang, Xiangkai , Lu, Yuemei et al. Microstructure evolution in laser powder bed fusion melted 2205 duplex stainless steel using in-situ EBSD during uniaxial tensile testing . | Journal of Materials Research and Technology , 2024 , 33 , 2113-2124 . |
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The supportfree printing of overhanging structure arouses enormous interest for its advantages to eliminate the need for support removal and to improve the efficiency in laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing. However, the improvement of down -facing surface quality remains a significant challenge, where an in-depth understanding of the formation of overhanging tracks is essential. This paper developed a multiphysics model of overhanging tracks in L-PBF to systematically investigate the formation mechanisms of key features such as discontinuity and dross, as well as their correlation with surface roughness. It reveals that there are two main causes of discontinuity of overhanging tracks: the coalescence and balling of the melt under low energy density, and the irregular sinking of melt pool at the overhanging edge. The high energy density could mitigate the occurrence of discontinuous tracks, but it might also lead to undesirable dross upon the complete penetration of the overhanging structure. The relationship between processing parameters, morphological defects and surface roughness were systematically discussed, which revealed the necessity to tailor processing parameters for different overhang angles to improve the down -facing surface quality. Furthermore, the significant correlation between the single-track morphology and the down -facing surface roughness has been demonstrated quantitatively, which proposed a practical way to predict the trend of the down -facing surface quality by single-track simulation. This could help improve the supportfree printing process in metal additive manufacturing.
Keyword ：
Laser powder bed fusion Laser powder bed fusion Multi-physics modeling Multi-physics modeling Overhanging structure Overhanging structure Supportfree printing Supportfree printing Surface roughness Surface roughness
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| GB/T 7714 | Xiang, Hongliang , Zhou, Yulong , Zhang, Xiangkai et al. Supportfree printing in laser powder bed fusion: Formation mechanisms of discontinuity, dross and surface roughness [J]. | OPTICS AND LASER TECHNOLOGY , 2024 , 177 . |
| MLA | Xiang, Hongliang et al. "Supportfree printing in laser powder bed fusion: Formation mechanisms of discontinuity, dross and surface roughness" . | OPTICS AND LASER TECHNOLOGY 177 (2024) . |
| APA | Xiang, Hongliang , Zhou, Yulong , Zhang, Xiangkai , Li, Jie , Huang, Ye , Mou, Gang et al. Supportfree printing in laser powder bed fusion: Formation mechanisms of discontinuity, dross and surface roughness . | OPTICS AND LASER TECHNOLOGY , 2024 , 177 . |
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Duplex stainless steels (DSSs) produced via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) exhibit excellent strength and plasticity compatibility. In this study, in -situ electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was employed to investigate the coordinated deformation behavior of 2205 DSSs fabricated by LPBF with heat treatment at 1050 degrees C for 1 h, including strain distribution behavior and mechanism of stress concentration release. The results indicate that the initial deformation of LPBF samples is primarily concentrated in the austenite phase. As the tension progresses, austenite gradually transitioned to hard orientation, and the strain in austenite can pass through the phase boundary into the ferrite grain. To coordinate the deformation, ferrite transitioned to soft orientation through rotation towards the slip systems of {110}<- 111> and {1-21}<111>. The stress concentration in ferrite can be alleviated by forming dislocation walls and cells through planar and cross-slip dislocations. In contrast, the stress concentration in austenite can be released by stacking faults and deformation twins. Compared to the as -cast samples, the yield strength of LPBF samples is improved from 472 +/- 13 to 641 +/- 17 MPa due to fine grain strengthening and dislocation strengthening. This study offers guidance for further enhancing the strength and plasticity of materials prepared by LPBF.
Keyword ：
Deformation behavior Deformation behavior Duplex stainless steel Duplex stainless steel Laser powder bed fusion Laser powder bed fusion Microstructure evolution Microstructure evolution
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| GB/T 7714 | Zhao, Wei , Xiang, Hongliang , Zhan, Xianming et al. In-situ EBSD study of the coordinated deformation behavior of 2205 duplex stainless steel fabricated via laser powder bed fusion during the tensile process [J]. | MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING , 2024 , 901 . |
| MLA | Zhao, Wei et al. "In-situ EBSD study of the coordinated deformation behavior of 2205 duplex stainless steel fabricated via laser powder bed fusion during the tensile process" . | MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING 901 (2024) . |
| APA | Zhao, Wei , Xiang, Hongliang , Zhan, Xianming , Zhang, Xiangkai , Wu, Chaochao . In-situ EBSD study of the coordinated deformation behavior of 2205 duplex stainless steel fabricated via laser powder bed fusion during the tensile process . | MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING , 2024 , 901 . |
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Experimental and numerical methods are carried out to analyze the interface formation and defect elimination mechanism during electromagnetic pulse welding T2 to 304L tube by changing the inner tube morphology from original scheme to stage scheme, ramp stage, and location stage. When the original scheme is operated with 13mm lap length, the morphology of interface is divided into four zones containing end unwelded zone, first welded zone, central unwelded zone, and second welded zone due to the different impact velocity and angle during the initial impact process, parallel impact process, and final impact process. The parallel impact leads to the formation of the central unwelded zone, containing (Cu, Fe) solid solution, oxides, nano grains, and amor-phous phase. By providing a suitable impact angle, the ramp scheme (& alpha; = 7 degrees) and location scheme (L = 6.5 mm) can eliminate the defect in the central unwelded zone.
Keyword ：
Defects Defects Deformation and fracture Deformation and fracture Metallic composites Metallic composites Metals and alloys Metals and alloys Welding Welding
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| GB/T 7714 | Mou, Gang , He, Lun , Xiang, Hongliang et al. Interface formation and defect elimination mechanism of T2/304L interface during electromagnetic pulse welding process [J]. | MATERIALS LETTERS , 2023 , 349 . |
| MLA | Mou, Gang et al. "Interface formation and defect elimination mechanism of T2/304L interface during electromagnetic pulse welding process" . | MATERIALS LETTERS 349 (2023) . |
| APA | Mou, Gang , He, Lun , Xiang, Hongliang , Lin, Wanfu . Interface formation and defect elimination mechanism of T2/304L interface during electromagnetic pulse welding process . | MATERIALS LETTERS , 2023 , 349 . |
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为揭示内外管径向间隙对电磁脉冲焊接头界面微观组织的内在作用机理，本文通过改变304L不锈钢与T2紫铜管的径向间隙，结合微观表征和数值模拟，深入研究微观组织演化机理。研究表明，试样界面呈现倾倒波浪状是高速碰撞引起的开尔文-亥姆霍兹界面失稳效应造成的。随着径向间隙由1.65 mm增加到2.15 mm，磁场强度峰值、碰撞速度及碰撞角度增加，界面微观组织的未结合区域增加，波浪状界面波长变大，且应力分布呈现S型。界面元素分布是局部区域高温熔化和较高温度下元素互扩散的综合作用引起的。接头形成过程包括外管上表面弧形化、外管端部的破碎化、未结合区域以及结合区域的形成四个阶段，其原因是在冲击波、反射波以及冲击波传播方向的综合叠加作用下，金属管不同部位发生了不同的塑性变形。
Keyword ：
不锈钢 不锈钢 微观组织 微观组织 波浪界面层 波浪界面层 磁脉冲焊接 磁脉冲焊接 铜 铜
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| GB/T 7714 | 牟刚 , 何伦 , 郑开魁 et al. 钢铜磁脉冲接头微观组织演化机理及数值模拟 [J]. | 机械工程学报 , 2023 , 59 (13) : 364-374 . |
| MLA | 牟刚 et al. "钢铜磁脉冲接头微观组织演化机理及数值模拟" . | 机械工程学报 59 . 13 (2023) : 364-374 . |
| APA | 牟刚 , 何伦 , 郑开魁 , 沈忱 , 向红亮 , 马鑫磊 . 钢铜磁脉冲接头微观组织演化机理及数值模拟 . | 机械工程学报 , 2023 , 59 (13) , 364-374 . |
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Specimens of duplex stainless steel (DSS) fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) exhibit excellent strength but poor plasticity, which has limited their applications. To improve the plasticity and to achieve a strengthplasticity matching, the effect of the laser scanning speed on the density, phase, microstructure, and mechanical properties of 2205 DSS specimens fabricated via SLM is investigated. The results reveal that the molten metal is solidified according to the kinetic sequence L -> delta + L -> delta -> delta + gamma for the SLM forming process, and the sample is completely composed of the ferrite phase. The content of austenite cannot be effectively enhanced by a change in the laser scanning speed. The mechanical properties of the samples are primarily affected by the presence of pores. A scanning speed of S700 (700 mm/s) results in the formation of fewer pores, which gives rise to a high yield strength of 896.80 MPa but a poor plasticity of 15.34 %. Decreasing the scanning speed to below 700 mm/s reduces the yield strength, but it also significantly increases the elongation. The elongation of the specimens fabricated using a laser scanning speed of 500 mm/s increases to 23.09 %, and they exhibit excellent strengthplasticity matching. This increased elongation at lower scanning speeds is attributed to higher density, lower dislocation density, decreased number of grain boundaries and the higher proportion of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) of the specimens. Therefore, a significant decrease in the scanning speed can improve the plasticity of the specimens fabricated by the SLM method. By changing the laser scanning speed, the density, microstructure and mechanical properties can be optimized to further improve the plasticity of the specimens.
Keyword ：
Densification Densification Duplex stainless steel Duplex stainless steel Laser scanning speed Laser scanning speed Mechanical properties Mechanical properties Microstructure Microstructure Selective laser melting Selective laser melting
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| GB/T 7714 | Zhao, Wei , Xiang, Hongliang , Yu, Rongxin et al. Effects of laser scanning speed on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 2205 duplex stainless steel fabricated by selective laser melting [J]. | JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES , 2023 , 94 : 1-9 . |
| MLA | Zhao, Wei et al. "Effects of laser scanning speed on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 2205 duplex stainless steel fabricated by selective laser melting" . | JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES 94 (2023) : 1-9 . |
| APA | Zhao, Wei , Xiang, Hongliang , Yu, Rongxin , Mou, Gang . Effects of laser scanning speed on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 2205 duplex stainless steel fabricated by selective laser melting . | JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES , 2023 , 94 , 1-9 . |
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Duplex stainless steel was formed through welding wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) using tungsten inert gas. The effects of wire feeding speed (WFS), welding speed (WS), welding current, and their interaction on the weld bead width and height were discussed. Back-propagation (BP) neural network algorithm prediction model was established by taking the bead width and height as the output layer, and the network weight and threshold values were optimized using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to obtain the prediction model of bead width and height. The predicted results were verified by experiments. Results show that the weld bead width increases with the increase in WFS and the welding current and decreases with WS. The smaller the WFS, the faster the WS, which is beneficial for the generation of equiaxed crystals. The smaller the welding current, the faster the cooling speed of the metal melt, which is conducive to the formation of dendrites. The interaction among WS, wire feed speed, and welding current has a significant effect on the bead width. The weld bead height is positively correlated with the wire feed speed and negatively correlated with the WS and current. The interaction between the wire feed speed and WS is significant. The optimized WAAM process parameters for duplex stainless steel are a wire feed speed of 200 cm/min, WS of 24 cm/min, and welding current of 160 A. The maximum error of the BP neural network in predicting the weld bead width and height is 7.74%, and the maximum error between the predicted and experimental values of the BP-PSO neural network is 4.27%. This finding indicates that the convergence speed is fast, improving the prediction accuracy.
Keyword ：
bead forming bead forming duplex stainless steel duplex stainless steel neural network neural network prediction model prediction model wire arc additive manufacturing wire arc additive manufacturing
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| GB/T 7714 | Zheng, Kaikui , Yao, Chuanxu , Mou, Gang et al. Prediction of Weld Bead Formation of Duplex Stainless Steel Fabricated by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Based on the PSO-BP Neural Network [J]. | JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND APPLICATION , 2023 , 22 (2) : 311-323 . |
| MLA | Zheng, Kaikui et al. "Prediction of Weld Bead Formation of Duplex Stainless Steel Fabricated by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Based on the PSO-BP Neural Network" . | JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND APPLICATION 22 . 2 (2023) : 311-323 . |
| APA | Zheng, Kaikui , Yao, Chuanxu , Mou, Gang , Xiang, Hongliang . Prediction of Weld Bead Formation of Duplex Stainless Steel Fabricated by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Based on the PSO-BP Neural Network . | JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND APPLICATION , 2023 , 22 (2) , 311-323 . |
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Abstract ：
激光增材制造技术成形的制件具有自由度大、精度高、质量和性能好等优势，随着该技术的日益发展，其在不锈钢材料领域取得了显著的进展。激光增材制造技术成形不锈钢通常呈现出与传统制备工艺显著不同的非平衡凝固组织，表现出复杂的结构特征，而这些特征决定了合金的性能和应用。介绍了激光熔化沉积和选区激光熔化两种激光增材制造技术，选择典型的316L不锈钢及17-4PH不锈钢，综述了激光增材制造不锈钢凝固组织特征的研究现状，重点关注典型多尺度、层次性的组织结构（包括晶粒、宏观缺陷、熔池组织、胞状亚结构、氧化物夹杂等）。系统分析了激光增材制造不锈钢的组织调控方法，包括调整工艺参数、改变工艺环境及热处理等方式，通过组织调控能够影响晶粒的生长及熔池反应，进一步改善其内部微观组织，如形成间隙固溶体或颗粒夹杂物、细化晶粒及消除孔隙等，同时能促进不同相的析出和转变。通过合理地调控凝固组织，能够显著改善不锈钢的组织及机械性能。最后，对激光增材制造不锈钢的未来发展进行了展望。
Keyword ：
不锈钢 不锈钢 凝固组织 凝固组织 后处理 后处理 激光增材制造 激光增材制造 组织调控 组织调控
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| GB/T 7714 | 吴伟峰 , 刘鑫旺 , 郑开魁 et al. 激光增材制造不锈钢的凝固组织及调控方法研究进展 [J]. | 精密成形工程 , 2023 , 15 (04) : 121-130 . |
| MLA | 吴伟峰 et al. "激光增材制造不锈钢的凝固组织及调控方法研究进展" . | 精密成形工程 15 . 04 (2023) : 121-130 . |
| APA | 吴伟峰 , 刘鑫旺 , 郑开魁 , 王凯 , 魏青松 , 樊自田 et al. 激光增材制造不锈钢的凝固组织及调控方法研究进展 . | 精密成形工程 , 2023 , 15 (04) , 121-130 . |
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