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学者姓名：谢维
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Abstract ：
Driven by growing environmental awareness and supportive regulatory frameworks, electric vehicles (EVs) are witnessing accelerating market penetration. However, a key consumer concern remains: the economic impact of battery degradation, manifesting as vehicle depreciation and diminished driving range. To alleviate this concern, EV manufacturers commonly offer performance-guaranteed free-replacement warranties, under which batteries are replaced at no cost if capacity falls below a specified threshold within the warranty period. This paper develops a symmetry-informed analytical framework to forecast time-varying aggregate warranty replacement demand (AWRD) and to design optimal battery inventory strategies. By coupling stochastic EV sales dynamics with battery performance degradation thresholds, we construct a demand forecasting model that presents structural symmetry over time. Based on this, two inventory optimization models are proposed: the Service-Level Symmetry Model (SLSM), which prioritizes reliability and customer satisfaction, and the Cost-Efficiency Symmetry Model (CESM), which focuses on economic balance and inventory cost minimization. Comparative analysis demonstrates that CESM achieves superior cost performance, reducing total cost by 20.3% while maintaining operational stability. Moreover, incorporating CESM-derived strategies into SLSM yields a hybrid solution that preserves service-level guarantees and achieves a 3.9% cost reduction. Finally, the applicability and robustness of the AWRD forecasting framework and both symmetry-based inventory models are validated using real-world numerical data and Monte Carlo simulations. This research offers a structured and symmetrical perspective on EV battery warranty management and inventory control, aligning with the core principles of symmetry in complex system optimization.
Keyword ：
battery inventory battery inventory capacity degradation capacity degradation electric vehicle electric vehicle performance guarantee performance guarantee time-varying warranty claims time-varying warranty claims
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| GB/T 7714 | Feng, Miaomiao , Xie, Wei , Wang, Xia . Inventory Strategies for Warranty Replacements of Electric Vehicle Batteries Considering Symmetric Demand Statistics [J]. | SYMMETRY-BASEL , 2025 , 17 (6) . |
| MLA | Feng, Miaomiao 等. "Inventory Strategies for Warranty Replacements of Electric Vehicle Batteries Considering Symmetric Demand Statistics" . | SYMMETRY-BASEL 17 . 6 (2025) . |
| APA | Feng, Miaomiao , Xie, Wei , Wang, Xia . Inventory Strategies for Warranty Replacements of Electric Vehicle Batteries Considering Symmetric Demand Statistics . | SYMMETRY-BASEL , 2025 , 17 (6) . |
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Abstract ：
The inventory cost of stocking spare parts is a nonnegligible expenditure of providing after-sales service for the manufacturers making capital-intensive products, such as electric vehicles. Especially, for warranty repair service, it is important to manage the spare stock appropriately to satisfy the warranty claims of customers as well as reduce the associated inventory costs. In this paper, we investigate the spare parts inventory issue related to a critical component for under-warranty units of a product. In particular, under the free-replacement warranty policy, failed component will be replaced by a new one by consuming the spare stock. According to the field claim data, we find that the general trend of warranty claims is nonstationary, which will be affected by the product sales and under-warranty failures. Thus, we first propose a model to forecast the time-varying warranty repair demand by explicitly considering the randomness from two major sources, that is, product sales and under-warranty failures. Under the assumptions of Poisson sales process and exponential failure distribution, the closed-form expressions of mean and variance of cumulative warranty repair demand over time are obtained. Because the number of warranty claims in each period is a one-time data, the associated distribution information is unavailable. Then, based on the properties of the demand statistics, we derived a worst-case upper bound for the associated inventory cost and formulate a three-phase finite-horizon spare parts inventory model, which can be used to appropriately address the time-varying warranty claims. Finally, numerical experiments are conducted to investigate the key parameters affecting the optimal decisions where a case study based on real data is presented.
Keyword ：
stochastic sales stochastic sales Time-varying warranty claims Time-varying warranty claims under-warranty failures under-warranty failures worst-case inventory cost worst-case inventory cost
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| GB/T 7714 | Xie, Wei , Liu, Zhaohan , Fu, Kani et al. Spare parts provisioning strategy of warranty repair demands for capital-intensive products [J]. | PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART O-JOURNAL OF RISK AND RELIABILITY , 2024 , 239 (4) : 754-769 . |
| MLA | Xie, Wei et al. "Spare parts provisioning strategy of warranty repair demands for capital-intensive products" . | PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART O-JOURNAL OF RISK AND RELIABILITY 239 . 4 (2024) : 754-769 . |
| APA | Xie, Wei , Liu, Zhaohan , Fu, Kani , Zhong, Shuneng . Spare parts provisioning strategy of warranty repair demands for capital-intensive products . | PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART O-JOURNAL OF RISK AND RELIABILITY , 2024 , 239 (4) , 754-769 . |
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