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author:

Xie, J. (Xie, J..) [1] | Zhang, R. (Zhang, R..) [2] | Cheng, L. (Cheng, L..) [3] | Liu, K. (Liu, K..) [4] | Hou, X. (Hou, X..) [5] | Xia, J. (Xia, J..) [6] | Liu, L. (Liu, L..) [7] | Liu, M. (Liu, M..) [8]

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Scopus

Abstract:

Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) delivers enticing specific capacities when operating above 4.45 V (vs Li+/Li), yet experiences concurrent degradation mechanisms: bulk structural collapse caused by detrimental phase transitions and surface deterioration induced by parasitic reactions, which synergistically accelerate capacity fading. Existing modifications inadequately address the dual challenges: bulk doping neglects surface instability, while coatings impede ionic transport. Herein, we develop a gradient high-valent Zr4+ doping strategy that synergistically stabilizes bulk crystallinity and interfaces of LiCoO2. Density functional theory calculations predict preferential Zr4+ substitution at Co3+ sites, inducing lattice expansion that alleviates Li+ diffusion barriers. The experimental results confirmed the predicted crystallographic modification. The surface gradient Zr4+ layer effectively optimized the interfacial charge transfer kinetics by enhancing the surface electronic conductivity. Meanwhile, the large-sized Zr4+ ions broadened the Li+ diffusion channels, thereby significantly increasing the lithium-ion transport rate. It also demonstrated that the O3 → H1–3 phase transitions and surface parasitic reactions were concurrent suppressed via surface-gradient Zr-enriched protective layer, thereby verifying the dual stabilizing effect. This dual optimization enables stable cycling and superior rate capability for 4.6 V LiCoO2 cathodes. This work demonstrates valence-engineered dopant gradient engineering that integrates bulk structural reinforcement with surface optimization, providing a unified strategy for high-voltage oxide cathodes requiring concurrent bulk-surface stabilization. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.

Keyword:

High-valence doping High-voltage LiCoO2 lithium-ion battery lithium-ion diffusion kinetics Surface gradient doping

Community:

  • [ 1 ] [Xie J.]College of Applied Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Petrochemical University of Vocational Technology, Lanzhou, 730060, China
  • [ 2 ] [Zhang R.]College of Applied Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Petrochemical University of Vocational Technology, Lanzhou, 730060, China
  • [ 3 ] [Cheng L.]College of Applied Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Petrochemical University of Vocational Technology, Lanzhou, 730060, China
  • [ 4 ] [Liu K.]College of Applied Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Petrochemical University of Vocational Technology, Lanzhou, 730060, China
  • [ 5 ] [Hou X.]College of Applied Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Petrochemical University of Vocational Technology, Lanzhou, 730060, China
  • [ 6 ] [Xia J.]Institute of Molecular Engineering Plus, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350100, China
  • [ 7 ] [Xia J.]College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
  • [ 8 ] [Liu L.]College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
  • [ 9 ] [Liu M.]College of New Energy, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, 315336, China

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Source :

Chemical Engineering Journal

ISSN: 1385-8947

Year: 2025

Volume: 520

1 3 . 4 0 0

JCR@2023

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ESI Highly Cited Papers on the List: 0 Unfold All

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30 Days PV: 0

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