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author:

Wang, Fei (Wang, Fei.) [1] | Wei, Yang (Wei, Yang.) [2] | Bi, Meichen (Bi, Meichen.) [3] | Lu, Yusheng (Lu, Yusheng.) [4] | Pan, Xing (Pan, Xing.) [5] | Zhong, Shenghong (Zhong, Shenghong.) [6] | Yu, Yan (Yu, Yan.) [7]

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EI

Abstract:

The exponential growth of smart electronics has intensified demand for next-generation wearable sensors, yet achieving optimal flexibility, durability, and biocompatibility remains challenging. This study introduces a dual-network hydrogel (CMC-PAM-LM) developed through the synergistic integration of carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC), polyacrylamide (PAM), and liquid metal (LM). The hydrogel incorporates two distinct crosslinking mechanisms: dynamic coordination between Ga3+ ions from LM and carboxylate groups on CMC chains, and covalent crosslinking between the CMC and PAM networks. This dual-crosslinking strategy endows the material with exceptional mechanical resilience (fracture stress: 114.81 kPa, strain: 778.24 %), superior electrical conductivity (0.63 S/m), and self-healing capability. Furthermore, the hydrogel demonstrates remarkable fatigue resistance (>800 cycles), rapid strain response (∼30 ms), and universal adhesion to diverse substrates. Its efficacy as a multimodal sensor is validated through real-time human motion tracking, electrochemical sweat analysis, and secure information transmission. These results establish a promising material paradigm for high-performance, flexible electronics, providing valuable insights for future wearable technology development. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.

Keyword:

Biocompatibility Carboxylation Cellulose Cellulose derivatives Crosslinking Flexible electronics Hydrogels Motion analysis Self-healing materials Sodium compounds Wearable sensors

Community:

  • [ 1 ] [Wang, Fei]Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technologies, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou; 350108, China
  • [ 2 ] [Wei, Yang]Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technologies, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou; 350108, China
  • [ 3 ] [Bi, Meichen]Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technologies, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou; 350108, China
  • [ 4 ] [Lu, Yusheng]Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technologies, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou; 350108, China
  • [ 5 ] [Pan, Xing]State Grid Zhenjiang Power Supply Company, Zhenjiang; 212013, China
  • [ 6 ] [Zhong, Shenghong]Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technologies, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou; 350108, China
  • [ 7 ] [Yu, Yan]Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technologies, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou; 350108, China

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Source :

Biosensors and Bioelectronics

ISSN: 0956-5663

Year: 2025

Volume: 288

1 0 . 7 0 0

JCR@2023

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ESI Highly Cited Papers on the List: 0 Unfold All

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Chinese Cited Count:

30 Days PV: 0

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