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Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) delivers enticing specific capacities when operating above 4.45 V (vs Li+/Li), yet experiences concurrent degradation mechanisms: bulk structural collapse caused by detrimental phase transitions and surface deterioration induced by parasitic reactions, which synergistically accelerate capacity fading. Existing modifications inadequately address the dual challenges: bulk doping neglects surface instability, while coatings impede ionic transport. Herein, we develop a gradient high-valent Zr4+ doping strategy that synergistically stabilizes bulk crystallinity and interfaces of LiCoO2. Density functional theory calculations predict preferential Zr4+ substitution at Co3+ sites, inducing lattice expansion that alleviates Li+ diffusion barriers. The experimental results confirmed the predicted crystallographic modification. The surface gradient Zr4+ layer effectively optimized the interfacial charge transfer kinetics by enhancing the surface electronic conductivity. Meanwhile, the large-sized Zr4+ ions broadened the Li+ diffusion channels, thereby significantly increasing the lithium-ion transport rate. It also demonstrated that the O3 → H1–3 phase transitions and surface parasitic reactions were concurrent suppressed via surface-gradient Zr-enriched protective layer, thereby verifying the dual stabilizing effect. This dual optimization enables stable cycling and superior rate capability for 4.6 V LiCoO2 cathodes. This work demonstrates valence-engineered dopant gradient engineering that integrates bulk structural reinforcement with surface optimization, providing a unified strategy for high-voltage oxide cathodes requiring concurrent bulk-surface stabilization. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.
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Chemical Engineering Journal
ISSN: 1385-8947
Year: 2025
Volume: 520
1 3 . 4 0 0
JCR@2023
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ESI Highly Cited Papers on the List: 0 Unfold All
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