Immune-mediated　inflammatory　diseases　(IMIDs)　are　characterized　by　chronic　inflammation　and　frequent　recurrence,　and　intervention　strategies　are　urgently　needed.　Gut　microbiota　has　been　shown　to　play　an　active　role　in　immune　activation　and　regulation,　with　food-derived　bioactive　peptides　(FDBPs)　effectively　improving　the　homeostasis　of　the　gut　microbiota.　The　potential　role　of　FDBPs　in　IMIDs　intervention　is　receiving　more　and　more　attention　due　to　their　ability　to　regulate　gut　microbiota.　This　review　first　addresses　the　way　FDBPs　regulate　the　gut　microbiota,　comprehensively　summarizing　the　factors　that　affect　its　homeostasis　and　focusing　on　the　interactions　between　gut　microbiota　and　IMIDs　through　signaling　pathways　and　the　microbiota-gut-X　axis.　The　review　on　the　role　of　gut　microbiota　metabolites　emphasizes　the　importance　of　FDBPs　in　regulating　the　gut　microbiota　and　their　potential　for　nutritional　intervention　in　IMIDs.　There　can　be　direct　and　indirect　between　gut　microbiota　and　IMIDs.　Since　FDBPs　can　regulate　the　gut　microbiota　through　multiple　pathways,　dietary　intervention,　especially　peptide　diets　as　dietary　supplements,　seems　to　be　a　reliable　strategy　for　the　improvement　and　alleviation　of　IMIDs.　In　the　future,　we　will　focus　on　the　structure　and　bioavailability　of　FDBPs,　aiming　to　demonstrate,　through　this　structure-function　relationship,　the　different　effects　of　the　gut　microbiota　on　IMIDs.