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Abstract:
Alloying-type antimony (Sb) anode holds the merits of high capacity (∼660 mA h/g) and good conductivity (2.5 × 106 S m−1). Nevertheless, it still suffers from uncontrolled volumetric expansion (VE: 390 %) during cycling. Herein, a 3D honeycombed carbon structure is designed to regulate the huge VE to obtain Sb@C composite. It can deliver an unparalleled reversible capacity with fantastic long-term cycling stability (500 mA g−1@1050 mA h/g@5000 cycles@99.9 % retention) during 2.5 ∼ -0.05 V voltage window. In-situ XRD patterns profoundly clarify the mechanism for excess Na-storage as double reaction processes: alloying/de-alloying (Sb + 3Na ⇋ Na3Sb) during 2.5 ∼ 0.01 V and Na-plating/stripping into/from C skeleton (C + 9Na ⇋ Na9C) during 0.01 ∼ -0.05 V. Furthermore, electrochemical performance in different electrolytes (ether and ester) are much better cycling capacity and stability. In-situ EIS tests verify the far lower polarization throughout an entire charge–discharge in ether electrolyte during 2.5 ∼ -0.05 V. In addition, during Na-plating process, it is confirmed that Sb@C possesses lower binding energy (−2.19 eV) and diffusion energy barrier (0.2943 eV) by theoretical calculation. Hence, this work is inspiring in electrode materials design for high-performance sodium-ion batteries. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.
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Chemical Engineering Journal
ISSN: 1385-8947
Year: 2025
Volume: 505
1 3 . 4 0 0
JCR@2023
CAS Journal Grade:1
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ESI Highly Cited Papers on the List: 0 Unfold All
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30 Days PV: 1
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