Albizia　odoratissima　Benth　is　a　perennial　evergreen　tree　valued　for　its　medicinal　properties　and　is　indigenous　to　the　mountainous　regions　of　southwestern　China.　The　population　status　of　A.　odoratissima　has　been　sparsely　studied.　This　study　systematically　evaluated　the　population　structure　and　dynamics　of　A.　odoratissima　in　the　central　mountainous　region　of　Hainan　Island,　China,　with　the　objective　of　informing　the　development　of　sustainable　conservation　strategies　for　the　ecological　restoration　of　its　natural　populations.　Using　the　methodologies　of　population　ecology,　including　the　development　of　static　life　tables,　population　survival　curves,　population　dynamics　analysis,　and　time-series　predictions,　the　results　indicated　that　the　populations　of　A.　odoratissima　on　Hainan　Island　were　geographically　isolated　into　three　groups.　The　age　class　distribution　revealed　that　young,　middle-aged,　and　mature　individuals　accounted　for　5.73%,　74.94%,　and　19.33%,　respectively,　suggesting　a　declining　trend　in　the　population.　Moreover,　the　A.　odoratissima　population　on　Hainan　Island　was　highly　sensitive　to　anthropogenic　disturbances,　with　significant　increases　in　mortality　rates　observed　at　both　the　juvenile　and　mature　stages.　These　results　were　likely　due　to　the　intraspecific　and　interspecific　competitions,　as　well　as　external　factors　including　human-induced　disturbances,　climate　variability,　and　extreme　weather　events,　which　might　potentially　lead　to　the　species’　future　endangerment.　Based　on　the　current　status　of　the　A.　odoratissima　population,　we　develop　adaptive　management　and　forbid　anthropogenic　deforestation,　conserving　in　situ　and　expanding　populations,　protecting　ex　situ　germplasm　resources,　and　replanting　artificially,　in　order　to　manage　the　long-term　conservation　and　management　of　A.　odoratissima.　©　2024　by　the　authors.