Fast　charging　lithium　(Li)-ion　batteries　are　intensively　pursued　for　next-generation　energy　storage　devices,　whose　electrochemical　performance　is　largely　determined　by　their　constituent　electrode　materials.　While　nanosizing　of　electrode　materials　enhances　high-rate　capability　in　academic　research,　it　presents　practical　limitations　like　volumetric　packing　density　and　high　synthetic　cost. As　an　alternative　to　nanosizing,　microscale　electrode　materials　cannot　only　effectively　overcome　the　limitations　of　the　nanosizing　strategy　but　also　satisfy　the　requirement　of　fast-charging　batteries.　Therefore,　this　review　summarizes　the　new　emerging　microscale　electrode　materials　for　fast　charging　from　the　commercialization　perspective.　First,　the　fundamental　theory　of　electronic/ionic　motion　in　both　individual　active　particles　and　the　whole　electrode　is　proposed.　Then,　based　on　these　theories,　the　corresponding　optimization　strategies　are　summarized　toward　fast-charging　microscale　electrode　materials.　In　addition,　advanced　functional　design　to　tackle　the　mechanical　degradation　problems　related　to　next　generation　high　capacity　alloy-　and　conversion-type　electrode　materials　(Li,　S,　Si　et al.)　for　achieving　fast　charging　and　stable　cycling　batteries.　Finally,　general　conclusions　and　the　future　perspective　on　the　potential　research　directions　of　microscale　electrode　materials　are　proposed.　It　is　anticipated　that　this　review　will　provide　the　basic　guidelines　for　both　fundamental　research　and　practical　applications　of　fast-charging　batteries.　©　2023　Wiley-VCH　GmbH.