The　fully　encapsulated　bolt　is　prone　to　stress　concentration,　which　leads　to　the　bolt　breaking　suddenly.Energy-absorbing　bolt　adapted　to　the　large　deformation　of　surrounding　rock　through　slight　yield　but　long-term　support.When　filling　thickness　to　asperity　height　ratio　(t/a)　is　small,　the　joint　shear　failure　behavior　is　controlled　by　the　asperities　and　the　filling.When　t/a　is　large,　the　joint　shear　failure　mainly　exists　within　the　filling.　©　2023,　The　Author(s),　under　exclusive　licence　to　Springer-Verlag　GmbH　Austria,　part　of　Springer　Nature.