One-dimensional　(1D)　semiconductors　have　garnered　considerable　attention　in　solar　energy　harvesting　and　conversion　since　they　possess　a　long　axis　to　absorb　incident　light　yet　a　short　radial　distance　for　fast　separation　of　photogenerated　charge　carriers.　Among　the　diverse　1D　semiconductors,　metal　oxides　arrays　prepared　by　electrochemical　anodization　technique　demonstrate　unique　structure　merits　for　efficient　charge　separation　and　transfer;　nevertheless,　thus　far,　recent　process　on　the　photoelectrochemical　(PEC)　and　photocatalytic　applications　of　electrochemically　anodized　1D　semiconductors　has　not　yet　been　elucidated.　In　this　review,　basic　principle,　classification,　and　developments　of　electrochemical　anodization　technique　were　systematically　introduced.　Great　attention　was　paid　to　summarize　the　predominant　1D　metal　oxides　arrays　fabricated　by　anodization　approach　and　their　wide-spread　photocatalytic　and　PEC　applications.　Moreover,　modification　strategies　used　for　boosting　the　photocatalytic　and　PEC　performances　of　1D　anodized　metal　oxides　nanostructures　were　further　comprehensively　elucidated.　Finally,　future　perspectives　and　challenges　in　triggering　the　future　innovative　ideas　on　fabricating　a　large　variety　of　promising　anodized　semiconductor-based　nanomaterials　are　envisaged.　It　is　anticipated　that　our　review　could　provide　enriched　information　on　the　rational　design　and　construction　of　electrochemically　anodized　1D　semiconductors　for　solar　energy　conversion.