Low-dimensional　black　phosphorus　(BP)　is　a　class　of　nanomaterial　derived　from　layered　semiconductor　BP　which　has　gained　tremendous　attention　in　a　variety　of　fields,　owing　to　its　uncommon　structural　features　and　appealing　physical　properties.　More　surprisingly,　it　has　addressed　current　biomedical　obstacles　due　to　its　orthorhombic　puckered　honeycomb　crystal　structure　and　unique　properties　such　as　tunable　direct-bandgap,　high　carrier　mobility,　and　exceptional　photo-responsiveness.　However,　few　reviews　have　focused　on　the　interactions　of　low-dimensional　BP’s　physical　properties　with　its　biomedical　performances.　Herein,　we　discuss　the　physical　properties　of　low-dimensional　BP　and　potential　biomedical　applications　associated　with　these　physical　properties.　Moreover,　different　preparation　methods,　surface　modification　techniques,　and　future　challenges,　as　well　as　future　outlooks,　are　presented.　This　comprehensive　review　will　provide　a　clear　understanding　of　the　relationship　between　low-dimensional　BP’s　physical　properties　and　biomedical　performances,　with　the　ultimate　goal　of　better　knowledge　of　utilizing　BP.　[Figure　not　available:　see　fulltext.].　©　2022,　Science　China　Press　and　Springer-Verlag　GmbH　Germany,　part　of　Springer　Nature.