One-dimensional　(1D)　nanostructures　are　believed　to　play　a　significant　role　on　the　horizon　of　material　science,　and　are　a　promising　class　of　ideal　high　performance　candidates　for　energy　storage　and　conversion　owing　to　their　unique　optical,　structural　and　electronic　properties.　In　particular,　1D　nanostructure-based　photocatalysts　have　been　attracting　ever-growing　research　attention.　In　this　review　article,　we　mainly　focus　on　systematically　summarizing　the　applications　of　1D-based　nanocomposites　in　photocatalysis,　including　nonselective　processes　for　the　degradation　of　pollutants,　direct　solar　energy　conversion　to　storable　fuels　and　selective　transformations　for　organic　synthesis.　Particularly,　we　explore　the　new　directions　for　boosting　the　photocatalytic　performances　of　1D　nanostructures,　including　graphene-1D　nanocomposites,　surface　modification,　1D　core-shell　nanostructures　and　different　exposed　facet　effects.　It　is　hoped　that　this　article　will　promote　the　efficient　harnessing　and　rational　development　of　the　outstanding　structural　and　electronic　properties　of　1D　nanostructures　to　design　more　efficient　1D-based　photocatalysts　towards　numerous　applications　in　the　field　of　solar　energy　conversion.　This　journal　is　©　the　Partner　Organisations　2014.