Twenty　years　have　passed　from　the　most　recent　studies　about　the　dynamic　behavior　of　the　leaning　Tower　of　Pisa.　Significant　changes　have　occurred　in　the　meantime,　the　most　important　ones　concerning　the　soil-structure　interaction.　From　1999　to　2001,　the　foundation　of　the　monument　was　consolidated　through　under-excavation,　and　the　＂Catino＂　at　the　basement　was　rigidly　connected　to　the　foundation.　Moreover,　in　light　of　the　recent　advances　in　the　field　of　earthquake　engineering,　past　studies　about　the　Tower　must　be　revised.　Therefore,　the　present　research　aims　at　providing　new　data　and　results　about　the　structural　response　of　the　Tower　under　earthquake.　As　regards　the　experimental　assessment　of　the　Tower,　the　dynamic　response　of　the　structure　recorded　during　some　earthquakes　has　been　analyzed　in　the　time-and　frequency-domain.　An　Array　2D　test　has　been　performed　in　the　Square　of　Miracles　to　identify　a　soil　profile　suitable　for　site　response　analyses,　thus　allowing　the　definition　of　the　free-field　seismic　inputs　at　the　base　of　the　Tower.　On　the　other　hand,　a　synthetic　evaluation　of　the　seismic　input　in　terms　of　response　spectra　has　been　done　by　means　of　a　hybrid　approach　that　combines　Probabilistic　and　Deterministic　Seismic　Hazard　Assessment　methods.　Furthermore,　natural　accelerograms　have　been　selected　and　scaled　properly.　A　finite　element　model　that　takes　into　account　the　inclination　of　the　structure　has　been　elaborated,　and　it　has　been　updated　taking　into　account　the　available　experimental　results.　Finally,　current　numerical　and　experimental　efforts　for　enhancing　the　seismic　characterization　of　the　Tower　have　been　illustrated.　(c)　2017　The　Authors.　Published　by　Elsevier　Ltd.